The security of critical infrastructure in the concept of the Territorial Defence Force of the Republic of Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Piotr Maciejczyk-Cień
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Important State

Nowadays, humanity has become dependent on the devices and systems which form part of everyday life. This relation was made clear by the terrorist attacks in New York, Madrid and London. The attacks resulted not only in human casualties and damage to infrastructure, but also made people aware of the close relations between the damage and the effective operation of the rescuers. This gave rise to the need to face the problem of protecting the infrastructure which is important for the security of the state and its citizens. At the same time, the issue of threats to critical infrastructure has started to emerge more and more in the literature devoted to internal security and stopped being associated solely with military concepts. In Poland, the notion of ‘critical infrastructure’ first started to appear in government documents and literature in 2007 after the introduction of the Crisis Management Act. The legislator specifies in the document the conceptual range of critical infrastructure which is closely related to the functioning of facilities, devices, and installations relevant for the security of the state and citizens. The following systems were regarded as critical infrastructures: the energy and fuel, communications and ICT, transport, rescue, financial, food and water supply, and healthcare systems, and also the one related to chemical and radioactive substances. This paper is an attempt at characterising the defence of critical infrastructure in Poland and the possibilities of preventing threats to important state security systems in the context of the establishment of the Territorial Defence Force.

Welfare Reform and Sexual Regulation. By Anna Marie Smith. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 297p. $29.99

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-815
Author(s):  
Kathleen R. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Welfare Reform ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Sexual Regulation ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Poor Families ◽  
The One ◽  
Biological Fathers

In her book, Anna Marie Smith meticulously analyzes the racial and gendered dimensions of the U.S. welfare state and the ways in which it punishes the unmarried and imposes hetero-normative standards on all types of poor families. Smith's aim is to “expand the disciplinary limits of feminist political theory” (p. 6) by drawing on case law, public policy, and social theory. She exposes highly undemocratic practices directed at poor women and men, as well as what amounts to a eugenic project seeking to limit poor people's reproduction. Significantly, individuals of color are targeted by the state for eugenic control and moral policing. In particular, Smith points out how welfare reform and the implementation of “paternafare”—a program that forces poor women to identify biological fathers so that the state can pursue these “deadbeat dads”—do not help the one group who even conservatives agree are “innocent”—children. Very rarely are any party's circumstances elevated by this system, and most often “payers” are forced into deeper poverty. Furthermore, the state's hetero-normative stance marginalizes lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgendered individuals (LGBTs) in a legal system in which their rights are already deeply compromised.

Political Theory and Partisan Politics. Edited by Edward Bryan Portis, Adolf G. Gunderson, and Ruth Lessl Shively. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000. 226p. $59.50 cloth, $19.50 paper.

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-468
Author(s):  
James S. Fishkin
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
State University ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Standing Problem

What is the role of political theory in a world of partisan politics? Various approaches to this long-standing problem are raised in this stimulating collection of essays. Arlene Saxonhouse begins the volume by usefully reminding us of Plato's metaphor of the ship in book 6 of the Republic, in which self-interested sailors fight over the boat's direction "while the one who knows how to guide the boat, who can read the stars, stands aft staring upward and is considered useless" (p. 19). Similarly in the Assembly, self-interested rhetoricians may sway the crowd, without any concern for the pursuit of truth.

scholarly journals KONSEPSI NEGARA HUKUM PANCASILA DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA DI INDONESIA

PRANATA HUKUM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Tubagus Muhammad Nasarudin
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Free Trial ◽  
Government Power ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

The rule of law in the perspective of Pancasila which can be termed the law state of Indonesia or the rule of law state of Pancasila besides having the same elements as the rule of law in the rechtstaat and rule of law, also has specific elements that make the Indonesian law state different from the concept of the state generally known law. The difference locates in the values contained in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution which contain Pancasila with the principles of the Belief in the one and only God and the absence of separation between the state and religion, the principle of deliberation in the implementation of state government power, the principle of social justice, kinship and mutual cooperation, as well as laws that serve the integrity of the unitary state of Indonesia. The Pancasila Law State concept is characterized by: (1) Close relations between religion and state (2) Stand on the one and only God (3) Freedom of religion in a positive sense (4) Atheism is not justified and communism is forbidden and (5) The principle of kinship and harmony. As for the main elements of the Republic of Indonesia Law State are: (1) Pancasila (2) MPR (3) Constitutional system (4) equality and (5) Free trial.

scholarly journals Kontroversi Perda Berbasis Syariah Dalam Otonomi Daerah Di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1261-1272
Author(s):  
Mufidah Mufidah ◽  
Djawahir Hejazziey ◽  
Novi Yuspita Sari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Qualitative Research Method ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The One

Article 29 paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that "the State is based on the One Supreme Godhead." This means that the state has given legitimacy to Islamic law as formal law in the Indonesian constitutional system. Islamic law has a great opportunity to be formalized into regulations, because the majority of Indonesians are Muslims. Perda Syariah itself in its journey has shown significant developments. There have been 433 regional regulations issued in Indonesia since 1998, however, these regional regulations with Islamic nuances have generated pro-contra attitudes from various parties. This study uses a qualitative research method with a literature approach. The results of the study state that there are still some parties who feel that regional regulations were born only as political needs that are less effective in their implementation, and others think that sharia regulations are an effort to regulate people's behavior so that they are in accordance with living norms.Keywords: Sharia Regional Regulation; Regional Autonomy; Formalization of Islamic Law Abstrak: Pasal 29 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menyatakan bahwa “Negara berdasarkan atas Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.” Artinya negara telah memberikan legitimasi hukum Islam sebagai hukum formal dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Hukum Islam memiliki peluang yang besar untuk diformalkan menjadi peraturan, karena mayoritas bangsa Indonesia adalah pemeluk agama Islam. Perda Syariah sendiri dalam perjalanannya telah menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan. Telah ada 433 Perda lahir di Indonesia sejak tahun 1998, namun Perda-perda bernuansa Islam tersebut menimbulkan sikap pro-kontra dari berbagai pihak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan literatur. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa masih ada sebagian pihak merasa bahwa Perda lahir hanya sebagai kebutuhan politik yang kurang efektif dalam pelaksanaannya, dan  sebagian lain beranggapan bahwa Perda syariah adalah sebuah upaya untuk menertibkan perilaku masyarakat agar sesuai dengan norma-norma yang hidup.Kata Kunci: Perda Syariah; Otonomi Daerah; Formalisasi Hukum Islam

VIII.—The Theory of Alternants, from 1896 to 1917

1924 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Muir
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Symmetric Functions ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Noteworthy Feature ◽  
The One

In the period which we have now reached the interest taken in the study of Alternants shows comparatively little sign of slackening, especially if the years given over to the War be taken into account. Close on fifty (50) writings, in six different languages and of various degrees of importance, fall to be considered.One noteworthy feature of the collection is the exceptional number of the papers occupied with the investigation of Symmetric Functions: approximately a third of the whole may be so classified. It is also somewhat striking in connection therewith to note that this body of work has two quite independent sources, the one centring in a small East-Prussian town, the other confined mainly to a busy city in the State of New York.

scholarly journals 4. American Retrospect

1891 ◽  
Vol 37 (156) ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Fletcher Beach
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Systems Of Care ◽  
New York State ◽  
Lunatic Asylum ◽  
The State ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Practical Operation ◽  
The One

The asylums of the State are divided into the public, the quasi-public, and the private. Exclusive of idiots and feeble-minded women, the number of insane under custody on the 1st of October, 1889, was 15,507. The Commission consists of three members, a physician, a barrister, and “a citizen of reputable character.” The medical and legal commissioners are required to make 132 visits each year; the medical commissioner is expected to make 22; and the whole Commission, or a majority thereof, have to make 106, being a total of 260 visits to the various State institutions during the year. Literal compliance with the requirements of the Act of 1889 is physically impossible, and the Commissioners detail certain arrangements which will facilitate the performance of their duties. The systems of accounts and statistics in vogue at the several State asylums show a lack of uniformity, and the Commission believes that these systems can be unified; to this end they have suggested a conference of asylum managers and superintendents with itself. The first effort towards intervention by the State in the case of the insane was made by Governor Throop, in January, 1830, but it was not until January 16th, 1843, that the New York State Lunatic Asylum was opened. In the course of a few years the asylum was filled, and it became necessary to send back to the poorhouses those patients who had received what was supposed to be the limit of beneficial treatment. Their treatment in these poorhouses was so bad that the Legislature passed what is known as the “Willard Asylum Act,” which provided for a State Asylum for the chronic insane. The Willard. Asylum was opened on October 13th, 1869, but soon became overcrowded. At this time the debt incurred by the State in aiding the prosecution of the civil war was most grievously felt, and in 1871 the Legislature passed an Act, by which counties might, upon showing that they had made proper provisions, care for their chronic patients. On October 1st, 1889, there were 5,371 patients in the county poorhouses and State asylums for the chronic insane. The Commission inquired into the two systems of care and treatment—the one conducted by the States and the other by the counties—and found that the latter did not provide the facilities which one would expect to find in every well-managed custodial institution or in any ordinary hospital. Some illustrations of evils inherent in the system of county care of insane patients in county alms-houses arc related, and the Commission concludes that the system “in practical operation has been found to have failed and fallen short of the hope entertained for it when the Act of 1871, sanctioning its trial, was passed.” The Commission makes many recommendations, of which the most important are: (1) that all of the insane in the county poorhouses in all the counties of the State, except New York and Kings, be transferred at the earliest possible date to State asylums; (2) that all laws having for their object the division of the insane into the so-called classes “acute” and “chronic” be repealed, and that all the insane be treated solely with reference to their curability; and (3) that an asylum be provided for the helpless and unteachable idiots.

The Photographic Presentation of South Africa, 1874 and 1923

Itinerario ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Robert Ross
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Single Person ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
White Minority

What is, and was, South Africa? This is clearly not a question which has a single answer, nor has it ever had one. On the one hand, there is a constitutional answer. In these terms, South Africa did not exist before the creation of the Union in 1910 and since then has been the state created then, transformed into the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and transformed once again with the ending of white minority rule in 1994. On the other hand, there are innumerable answers, effectively those to be found in the minds of all South Africans, and indeed all those foreigners who have an opinion about the country. Nevertheless, these opinions are not random. Clearly, there are regularities to be found within them, such that it is possible, in principle, to describe at the very least the range of answers to this question which were held within particular groups of the population, either within the country or outside it, and also to use specific sources, emanating from a single person, or group of individuals, as exemplary of the visions held by a far wider group.

scholarly journals Operation of Public Authorities in the Time of COVID-19 in Poland – Principles of Electronic Communication with the Party and Participants to Proceedings from the Perspective of the Activity of the Managing Authority of the Regional Operational Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Klich
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Communication ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Authority ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Operational Program ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

On 14 March 2020 the state of epidemic threat was introduced in Poland applicable until 20 March 2020 when the state of epidemic was introduced in the territory of the Republic of Poland. The situation associated with the growing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections forced ongoing monitoring of the epidemic situation, which entailed an introduction of a number of restrictions and solutions intended to isolate the infected persons on the one hand, and to minimize the risk of development of an epidemic in Poland on the other. Activity of the Polish legislator is also essential, which tried to introduce solutions that would correspond with current expectations and needs. In this paper, the author points to the issues of communication with a public authority by specific reflections on the principles of serving documents on beneficiaries of EU programs under which they were awarded funding for their implementation. The author points to the dynamics of the legislator’s work in this respect by analyzing the rules for serving documents by a public authority on beneficiaries who are public entities and those who are not.

scholarly journals Analysis of reliability power supply intrusion and hold-up systems presented in the standard PN-EN 50131-1:2009

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-190
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pędzierska ◽  
Adam Rosiński
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
The State ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Security Systems ◽  
Alarm Systems ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
Distributed Structures

Abstract The intrusion and hold-up system is one of the electronic security systems. The purpose of its application is to increase the level of safety for persons and property. This kind of solutions are used in all types of objects belonging to the critical infrastructure of the State. The article presents considerations for analysis reliability of intrusion and hold-up systems. Characterize them, taking into account the guidance contained in the standard “PN-EN50131-1:2009:Alarm systems-Intrusion and hold-up systems-part 1: System requirements”. Then performed an analysis of reliability that enable their comparison. In further research of this issue is planned to carry out similar analyses, but for systems of access control and video surveillance systems (also distributed structures).

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