Multiple Attributed Parametric Review Study on Mechanical Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Harvesters

Crop characteristics of cotton are crucial to identify the important crop attributes like plant height, canopy width, sympods and monopods distribution, row spacing which affects the performance of mechanical harvesters. The activity and effectiveness of most harvest aids, including desiccants is reduced by low temperature conditions. Trash content was observed to be lesser in cotton harvested by cotton picker than cotton harvested by cotton stripper. It was found that a maximum cotton yield of 1000 kg acre-1 was obtained for a cotton plant population ranging between 45,000 and 90,000 plants acre-1. Likewise, a minimum of 700 to 740 kg acre-1 was observed for a cotton plant population of 33,000 plants acre-1. In higher yielding cotton, cotton pickers recorded higher picking rate than cotton strippers. Picking/harvesting efficiency of cotton stripper with both finger and brush type mechanism was higher than the spindle type cotton picker. Picking efficiency of pneumatic picker was higher than the other types of picking mechanisms, but with lesser rate of picking capacity. Gin turnout of cotton was higher with cotton picker when compared with cotton stripper due to lesser trash content in picker harvested cotton. The horsepower requirement of cotton stripper ranged from ½ to ¼ horsepower and cost is about two-thirds of the price as compared with cotton picker. The scheduling and monitoring of various activities involved in cotton picking by using a suitable software model can increase the benefits of both growers and harvesting companies. The reduction in uniformity with roller gin-type lint cleaners ranged between 0.2 to 0.8%, which was lesser as compared with saw-type lint cleaners. Introducing mechanical harvesting has always been a decades-long process. In Turkey, it took 20 years and in Greece, this process took place very gradually over a 15-year period. Top cotton producing countries like India, Pakistan, China, Uzbekistan and other developing countries like Iran Paraguay are still not using machine harvesting. The introduction of mechanical cotton picker or stripper can help improve quality and quantity of cotton picking thereby giving more benefit to growers in developing countries and improving their socio-economic status. The most controversial issue raised by the introduction of the mechanical cotton harvester is great migration as the machines eliminated jobs and forced poor families to leave their homes and farms in search for urban jobs. Therefore Government policies towards cotton harvesting mechanization must include the alternative jobs, packages for dependent manual cotton pickers and their families.

Supporting Ultra Poor People with Rehabilitation and Therapy among families of children with Cerebral Palsy in rural Bangladesh (SUPPORT CP): Protocol of a randomised controlled trial

Introduction Poverty is a key contributor to delayed diagnosis and limited access to early intervention and rehabilitation for children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh. 97% of families of children with CP live below the poverty line in Bangladesh. Therefore, in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), efforts to improve outcomes for children with CP (including health-related quality of life, motor function, communication, and nutritional attainments) should also include measures to improve family economic and social capital. We propose a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR) program for ultra-poor families of children with CP in rural Bangladesh. Material and methods This will be a cluster RCT comparing three arms: (a) integrated microfinance/livelihood and community-based rehabilitation (IMCBR); (b) community-based rehabilitation (CBR) alone; and (c) care-as-usual (i.e. no intervention). Seven clusters will be recruited within each arm. Each cluster will consist of 10 child-caregiver dyads totalling 21 clusters with 210 dyads. Parents recruited in the IMCBR arm will take part in a microfinance/livelihood program and Parent Training Module (PTM), their children with CP will take part in a Goal Directed Training (GDT) program. The programs will be facilitated by specially trained Community Rehabilitation Officers. The CBR arm includes the same PTM and GDT interventions excluding the microfinance/livelihood program. The care-as-usual arm will be provided with information about early intervention and rehabilitation. The assessors will be blinded to group allocation. The duration of the intervention will be 12 months; outcomes will be measured at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. Conclusion This will be the first RCT of an integrated microfinance/livelihood and CBR program for children with CP in LMIC settings. Evidence from the study could transform approaches to improving wellbeing of children with CP and their ultra-poor families.

Learning outcome in literacy and numeracy in Uganda: Mining Uwezo assessment data to demonstrate the importance of maternal education

Academic performance in primary education plays a crucial role in obtaining further educational opportunities. Despite increased focus on addressing the inequality gaps in access to education, a number of studies have shown that children living in poor families with mothers who have low educational attainments experience less success, both in school and later as adults in the workforce, than children living in more advantaged circumstances. This paper analyses the effect of mothers’ education on the numeracy and literacy learning outcomes among children in Uganda. Mining data from the 2018 Uwezo Uganda Learning Assessment survey, we explore the influence of maternal education on learning outcomes. The findings showed that the proportion of children who demonstrated the ability of competently reading and comprehending a story of primary two level increased with increasing maternal education. Whereas only 13.6% of the primary four children whose mothers had never been to school were able to read and comprehend a story (the highest level in literacy assessment), more than four times (50.7%) of the children whose mother had above senior four qualification had similar abilities. A similar trend was seen with performance in numeracy where 31.9% of primary four children whose mothers had no education at all were able to attain the highest numeracy level, compared to 59.1% for children whose mothers level of education was beyond senior four. It was further observed that slightly more than one in three (35.6%) of the primary one/two children whose mothers had never been to school were completely non numerate compared to less than one in ten (9.0%) of the children whose mothers had studied beyond senior four who were non-numerate. Given the changes in access to schooling and impact on learning yielding from the global COVID 19 pandemic, whereas the data mined was collected before this pandemic, there is need for reflection on the home schooling approach being proposed by government and other stakeholders considering that this is likely to benefit more children whose mothers have higher levels of education than those with less education or never

A Domino Effect

Education during the early years of life lays the groundwork for educational trajectories over the course of life. A college degree has a profound effect on Americans over the life course, including how much they earn and how long they live. This chapter argues that religious restraint has a domino effect. Teenagers raised with religious restraint earn better grades in high school, and their higher grade point averages help them go on to complete more years of college than nonabiders. Abiders from working-class and middle-class families see the biggest educational attainment bump. However, abiders from poor families and from the professional class do not see a strong educational attainment bump.

PROCESSED PRODUCT DIVERSIVATION BASED COTTLE FISH FOR COASTAL FISHING COMMUNITIES

The highest production (catching) of tuna reached 32.22% per year but the selling price of fish was very low, while the fish processing business was only in the form of wooden fish (keumamah) and smoking due to low mastery of technology and absorption of innovation. The business of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers has never been carried out by the coastal fishing communities of Aceh, even though this business has the potential to be developed on a household scale. The service activity aims to provide training on processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers for fishing communities in coastal areas in the category of poor families. The method used is the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Demonstrations of processing tuna into shredded fish and fish crackers can open up insights and business opportunities for housewives and young fishermen in creating added value and profit for traditional fishing households as well as improving production management and marketing of competitively processed fish. This activity can foster an entrepreneurial spirit among coastal fishing communities to increase fishermen's household income.

Inclusion of venture capital to improve the welfare of female headed households in South Jakarta

This community service activity is focused on helping women from poor families to be able to revitalize their businesses affected by the Covid-19. Poverty in women's groups, especially female headed household has become one of the top global agenda. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted that these groups becoming poorer, not least in Jakarta, Indonesia. Therefore, this community service is focused on efforts to uplifting their economy by providing capital to set up small business. Youth Participatory Action Research (Y-PAR) is used as the community service approach, collaboration of lecturers and students. This service activity has been able to encourage poor women who previously lost their income, managed to regain their economic resources and create new businesses to improve the welfare of their families.

PEMBERDAYAAN DESA PRIMA SENDANGAGUNG: MENGELOLA DAN MEMASARKAN PRODUK BERBASIS LELE

Sendangagung Village is one of the villages in Sleman which has several catfish farms to help the community's economy. Besides being cheap and easy to get, catfish has a variety of nutrients that are good for the body. However, in catfish farming, it is not an easy thing. Because there are so many farmers who actually experience losses in catfish farming because the selling price is too low. In addition, there is a Desa Prima consisting of Sendangagung women, an alternative or breakthrough in efforts to empower women in the economy through increasing women's empowerment and increasing income women, especially poor families. This service intends to combine the two groups above to solve common problems, namely the Catfish Farmer Group and Desa Prima Sendangagung through four stages, namely program socialization, mentoring, education and training, and post-training partner monitoring. Desa Prima Sendangagung will obtain relatively cheap raw materials which will be processed into various products and sold online. Meanwhile, catfish farmers will benefit from having no trouble marketing their crops.

Monitoring Program Keluarga Harapan Berbasis Mobile GIS Menggunakan K-Means Clustering

Poverty is a condition that is below the line of minimum requirement standard values, both for food and non-food. The Government of Indonesia has various programs to overcome poverty-based assistance social, including the family hope program. This family hope program is the provision of conditional cash assistance to very poor households in which there are pregnant women, toddlers, elementary, junior high, high school, elderly, and severe disabilities. The amount of assistance obtained based on the level of family poverty with poverty level parameters is seen from the many categories of very poor households concerned along with the obligation of participants to carry out important commitments in the field of Health and Education. The purpose of this research is the development of a mobile-based poor family monitoring application using the k-means clustering method. Validity test results using sample data 21, it can be concluded that the system can group poor families into 7 clusters with a thoroughness rate of 90.4%. Based on these results, K-Means Clustering can be said to have a high accuracy value for clustering poor families.

Social justice in education from the perspective of the Roma in the Czech Republic – A case study

This paper addresses the current educational rights of the Roma community (in the Czech Republic). The aim of the paper is to present the educational system, its advantages and disadvantages and the ways in which the legal system supports educational rights. The second part of the paper focuses on the exercising and negotiation of rights in the contemporary social context. The work is based on ethnographic research conducted since 2005 by the Levínská, Bittnerová, & Doubek team in socially excluded localities. The data analysis is based on the theoretical concept of cognitive anthropology and the cultural models theory (D’Andrare, & Strauss, 1992). Cultural models and the ways in which parents, students and teachers negotiate rights are presented. The tension between rationality and morality (Bateson, 1958) is demonstrated by the models’ endurance; communication, cognitive and material support; and independence. Although the system itself provides equal opportunities, the prospects that education affords are a fundamental problem. One obstacle is racial bias, which influences members of the dominant group. Another significant obstacle is poverty and the costs of higher education, which are beyond the financial capacity of poor families. A third obstacle is knowledge, which is insufficient in excluded localities and poor families, and that families are unable to give students adequate support in navigating the full scope of student responsibilities.

"“The climbing boys” and the English society in the Industrial age: public pressure and legislative changes"

The practice of the climbing boys in the business of sweeping chimneys was spread in England during the Industrial Age (18th - 19th c.). The question of boys’ exploitation is part of the problem of child labour, but it precedes and outlives the overall child exploitation in the factories and mines. This is a sphere where the English society demonstrates conservatism and reluctance to change the attitude to the children of the poor families. The needed legislation was postponed and cost several generations of miserable and deprived boys, losing their health, and often their lives in the chimneys of the rich owners of buildings and mansions. The compassion of some citizens was not enough to convince the lawmakers that the life of children was more valuable than their houses. This was the main topic of the discussions between the lords and the reformers in the Parliament. The struggle for the protection of the climbing boys started in the late 18th c. and is considered successfully finished with the Act of 1875.