The PATH/LINK schema in Past-Simple vs. Present-Perfect English TA-expressions contrasted with Polish versions

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 337-356
Author(s):  
Dorota Chłopek
Keyword(s):  
English Text ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language

The aim of this paper, which has an explanatory character, is to present the English perfective (past) TA-construction vs. the present-perfect TA-construction by means of image schemas of PATH and LINK, respectively, since the said constructions pose a contrast that is absent from the Polish language. Five examples of English text are juxtaposed with two Polish versions for comparison of how the two English constructions can be instantiated in Polish, the lexical means used in the Polish versions vary. Hence Polish learners of English are encouraged herein to look for hints which will sensitize them to the usage of the past-simple construction vs. the present-perfect construction, in association with the semantic schemas of PATH and LINK in relation to said grammar constructions.

An exploration of target L2 morphemes in the oral production of young EFL learners in Croatia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena O'Reilly ◽  
Eva Jakupčević
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Simple Construction ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Base Form ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Efl Students

Although the second language (L2) acquisition of morphology by late L2 learners has been a popular research area over the past decades, comparatively little is known about the acquisition and development of morphology in children who learn English as a foreign language (EFL). Therefore, the current study presents the findings from a longitudinal oral production study with 9/10-year-old L1 Croatian EFL students who were followed up at the age of 11/12. Our results are largely in line with the limited research so far in this area: young EFL learners have few issues using the be copula and, eventually, the irregular past simple forms, but had considerable problems with accurately supplying the 3rd person singular -s at both data collection points. We also observed a be + base form structure, especially at the earlier stage, which appears to be an emergent past simple construction.

scholarly journals U źródeł polskiej terminologii logopedycznej. W kierunku badań anagnostycznych

LingVaria ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 267-281
Author(s):  
Ewa Horyń ◽  
Marceli Olma ◽  
Mirosław Michalik
Keyword(s):  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Research Project ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Source Materials

AT THE SOURCES OF POLISH LOGOPEDIC TERMINOLOGY: TOWARDS ANAGNOSTIC RESESARCH The paper is a preliminary presentation of the concept of a research project Diachronic Aspects of Polish Logopedic Terminology, carried out by members of the Department of Polish Language of the Pedagogical University in Cracow. The multiauthored study briefly characterizes the beginnings of speech therapy as an independent scientific discipline, and the directions of its development in the past 50 years. It draws attention to the deficiencies and inconsistencies in the usage and understanding of specialist terms in contemporary logopedics, while setting as the primary goal of the enterprise an attempt to standardize Polish terminology related to speech disorders. The basis for this should be the etymology of the terms in question, as well as excerpts from medical and anatomical lexicons and source materials which employ the vocabulary that became the foundation of the logopedic jargon.

scholarly journals Leksem drabant (Act 23,23) w Nowym Testamencie Biblii gdańskiej (1632) w przekładzie Daniela Mikołajewskiego

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-151
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lisowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language

In a verse of Act 23,23 in Biblia gdańska (1632) translated by Daniel Mikołajewski, an equivalent of Greek lexeme δεξιόλαβος ‘probably a spearman or slinger’, the noun drabant is used, which is unique, compared to its counterpart – oszczepnik – in Biblia translated by JakubWujek (1599). It may have been borrowed from the Czech language in the second half of the 16th century. In the Polish language of the time it was not a very widespread lexeme, maybe of erudite nature. It appeared in the text of Biblia gdańska taken from the Czech Biblia kralicka. Among Protestants at that time, as a military term, it could have evoked associations with the religious Hussite Wars. The lexeme drabant survived in the biblical text of the Evangelist circles until the second half of the twentieth century. Given the fact that in that century it was already an archaic word, it was not used in new testament translations which followed the translational tradition of Biblia gdańska. And probably it became fixed in the consciousness of the faithful of Evangelist churches as a memorable reminder of the past. For centuries that lexeme, along with other lexemes characteristic of Biblia gdańska caused lexical distinctiveness of that Evangelist translation compared to the Catholic translation by Jakub Wujek.

scholarly journals ENGLISH PERFECT IN COGNITION OF SLOVAK ISCED3 LEARNERS OF ENGLISH – PRELIMINARY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Hlava
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Proficiency Test ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Procedural Knowledge ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
Declarative Knowledge ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
The Past ◽  
English Language Instruction ◽  
Different Types

In English language instruction in Slovakia, a strong preference for declarative knowledge at the expense of procedural knowledge development has been reported over the last two decades. However, the cognitive aspects of language attainment predict no impact of instructional efforts, since mental representations of language to be attained are told to be supported by different cognitive systems than associative learning develops. Language variation materializes differences among languages based on differences in digitalizing the experience and thus understanding the world. For Slovak learners, the English present perfect is one such anomaly in categorization. This paper aims to answer what the specific interactions between past simple and present perfect are and how the predicted cognitive aspects of language attainment influence the use of different types of knowledge. A proficiency test focusing on declarative knowledge and language use without context and in context was distributed to 600 Slovak learners of English at the ISCED3a level. In Past simple conditions, students proved highly proficiency in all 3 types of tasks. In present perfect conditions, declarative knowledge strongly dominated over language use in context. In Present perfect conditions, substitutions by past simple were significantly more frequent than substitutions of present perfect by past simple. Cognitive funneling was recognized as a process inhibiting fast proceduralization of the English present perfect compared to fast and reliable proceduralization of the past simple.

A contrastive look at the present perfect/preterite opposition in English and Norwegian

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Elsness
Keyword(s):  
Zero Point ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Past Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Difference

This article deals with the opposition between the present perfect and the preterite in English and Norwegian from a contrastive point of view. The use of these verb forms is very similar in the two languages, and markedly different from that in closely related languages such as German and French, where the present perfect is used much more widely. In English and Norwegian the preterite is the norm if the reference is identified as being to past time which is clearly separate from the deictic zero-point, for instance through adverbial specification, while the present perfect is used of situations extending from the past all the way up to the deictic zero-point, and of situations located within such a time span. In many intermediate cases, where the reference is to a loosely defined past time, either verb form may be used in both languages, although several writers have claimed that the present perfect is more common in Norwegian than in English in such cases. The difference between the two languages is more distinct if the reference is to what can be seen as unique past time, in which case the present perfect is usually blocked in English but very common in Norwegian. Also, the so-called inferential perfect in Norwegian is not matched by any similar perfect use in English. These claims are amply confirmed by an investigation of the English–Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC), where the present perfect is more frequent in the Norwegian as compared with the English sections, at the expense of the preterite. Moreover, there is found to be a marked difference between the original and the translated texts of the ENPC: the ratio between the present perfect and the preterite is generally higher in Norwegian than in English but not quite so high in Norwegian texts translated from English as in Norwegian original texts, and somewhat higher in English texts translated from Norwegian than in English original texts. This difference is ascribed to interference from the source language in the translated texts.

Aspect, Tense, or Aktionsart?

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Thurgood ◽  
Graham Thurgood
Keyword(s):  
Present Perfect ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
Change Of State

This paper attempts to determine whether the particle ja in Kristang (spoken in Malacca, Malaysia) functions as part of an aspect, a tense, or an aktionsart system. The paper first argues that ja does not mark the perfective in an aspectual system. Second, it argues that ja does not mark the past in a tense system. It then argues, instead, that ja marks an aktionsart category, namely, a change of state. The paper concludes by noting some historical changes in the usage of ja and speculates about some incipient changes in the Kristang system as a whole. The analysis of this particle in different conversational settings suggests that for some speakers ja marks the present relevance of events that occurred in the past. This usage of the particle relates to its original adverbial semantics in Portuguese, where já means 'already'. However, it is argued that this change in the usage of the particle has been induced by English. English is now the dominant language for many Kristang speakers and it has a semantically very similar present perfect. It is on the basis of these similarities that ja is determined to be largely a perfect marker for some Kristang speakers.

scholarly journals Język ojczysty — zaniedbany obszar wychowania

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-192
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Górnikowska-Zwolak
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Language ◽  
Additional Element ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language

The author approaches native languages from the pedagogical point of view, perceiving language as an invisible environment of the upbringing of youths. She indicates the value of the national language in the past as well as currently in the period of globalization, she draws attention to the necessity to protect it and the importance of the Act on the Protection of the Polish Language introduced (1999) with this aim in mind. Analyzing current linguistic modes she gives many examples of carelessness and infringements of the principles of the use of the native language. She points out that respect for the language used is an element of good upbringing. An additional element of the discussion is the expression in the language of the oppression of women, so-called linguistic sexism. The article ends with a demonstration of examples of good practice — activities promoting linguistic culture, including language sensitive to gender issues (inclusive).

scholarly journals Present Perfect

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Luna Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Concept Map ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Concept

The present perfect expresses actions that have started in the past and continued up to the present. The present concept map shows its uses, auxiliary, time expressions, verb form, contractions and structure.

scholarly journals Słowa miesiąca roku 2018 w polach leksykalno-semantycznych.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (10) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sornat
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Thematic Structure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Daily Press ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Cyclic Words

Words of the month in 2018 in lexical and semantic fi elds Summary The aim of this study is to present the results of a lexical and semantic analysis of the so-called words of the month in 2018, that is words (or their combinations) with high frequency in the Polish daily press, published and commented by a group of linguists from the Institute of Polish Language, University of Warsaw, on www.slowanaczasie.uw.edu.pl over the past year. Apart from the analysis of the thematic structure of the excerpted lexemes and their assignment to contextually determined word fi elds, the examination covers the total number of occurrences of the units in the monthly list of words of the month. The outcome of the linguistic analysis not only permitted identifi cation of the most topical issues for Poles in a given year, but also enabled verifi cation of the conclusions drawn by various researchers of cyclic words to date. They have found, among others, a considerable share of borrowings from foreign languages, neologisms and neosemantisms, pointed to a seasonal motivation of the units, and argued that the greatest share in the set belonged to names related to politics, economics, and broadly understood social issues.

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