Human gait structure on stable and unstable surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (87) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Joanna Bukowska ◽  
Marcin Krawczyński ◽  
Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
School Age ◽  
Surface Type ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Lift Height ◽  
Surface Measurements

The aim of the study was to analyze the gait of physically active on stable and unstable surfaces of sports active individuals (canoeists and board sailors). The basic research idea was to identify possible differences in the analysis of the structure of traffic in conditions of stable and unstable surfaces. Materials and Methods The study included n = 18 people of school age. The condition for inclusion in the study was regular sports training. The test was conducted in Sports School in Mragowo, in April 2019, in the field, on a stable (pavement) and unstable (beach volleyball court) surface. Measurements were performed with the InBody 270 body composition analysis device and Wiva® Science sensorimotor device for scientific tracking. The results were processed statistically in Excel and Statistica programs. Results The results were regarded as statistically significant at p<0.05. The study revealed that surface type plays a very important role in gait analysis. Significant differences were observed in the analyzed gait parameters on unstable ground, including cadence (p=0.003), gait rhythm (p=0.02), step length (p=0.007), lift height (p=0.002), left step length (p=0.0006) and right step length (0.024) in unstable conditions, the differences are statistically significantly different from gait in stable surface. Conclusions The analyzed parameters can influence training goals. These factors could be taken into account by sports instructors when designing training programs. Further thorough research into the biomechanics of human gait on unstable surfaces will contribute vital knowledge in various areas of human activity, including sports, rehabilitation and physiotherapy.

scholarly journals Human Gait Analysis Metric for Gait Retraining

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tyagi Ramakrishnan ◽  
Seok Hun Kim ◽  
Kyle B. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Gait Asymmetry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Number ◽  
Human Gait Analysis

The combined gait asymmetry metric (CGAM) provides a method to synthesize human gait motion. The metric is weighted to balance each parameter’s effect by normalizing the data so all parameters are more equally weighted. It is designed to combine spatial, temporal, kinematic, and kinetic gait parameter asymmetries. It can also combine subsets of the different gait parameters to provide a more thorough analysis. The single number quantifying gait could assist robotic rehabilitation methods to optimize the resulting gait patterns. CGAM will help define quantitative thresholds for achievable balanced overall gait asymmetry. The study presented here compares the combined gait parameters with clinical measures such as timed up and go (TUG), six-minute walk test (6MWT), and gait velocity. The comparisons are made on gait data collected on individuals with stroke before and after twelve sessions of rehabilitation. Step length, step time, and swing time showed a strong correlation to CGAM, but the double limb support asymmetry has nearly no correlation with CGAM and ground reaction force asymmetry has a weak correlation. The CGAM scores were moderately correlated with TUG and strongly correlated to 6MWT and gait velocity.

Identification and Analysis of the Biomechanical Parameters Used for the Assessment of Normal and Pathological Gait: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Arellano-González ◽  
Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo ◽  
J. Jesús Cervantes-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Length Step ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters

Abstract The analysis of human gait represents a valuable tool for an early and timely identification of diseases and pathologies, as well as to follow up treatments and rehabilitation programs. However, although several research works in the literature have addressed the assessment of human gait as a diagnostic tool, few works have focused on the biomechanical parameters and metrics needed for such practice. This work presents the results of an investigation carried out to identify and analyze the biomechanical parameters used in the literature to assess the human walking, both pathological and normal. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted to detect and analyze the biomechanical parameters. A classification of these parameters based on the application area is proposed and comprises clinical, sport and exploration. These parameters are also classified according to the origin of the problem into musculoskeletal, neurological and circulatory. The biomechanical parameters identified are analyzed and discussed using set theory. The results indicate that the analysis of the spatiotemporal parameters of the gait allows a detailed and economic study of this mode of locomotion. The most used gait parameters are: step length, stride length, step width, gait speed, gait phases, cadence, swing time and stance time. On the other hand, the study of gait in the clinical area makes use of nearly all the gait parameters reported in the literature, i.e. spatial, temporal, angular, force and other specific parameters according to the type of pathology being analyzed.

scholarly journals A Proposal of a Motion Measurement System to Support Visually Impaired People in Rehabilitation Using Low-Cost Inertial Sensors

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 848
Author(s):  
Karla Miriam Reyes Leiva ◽  
Milagros Jaén-Vargas ◽  
Miguel Ángel Cuba ◽  
Sergio Sánchez Lara ◽  
José Javier Serrano Olmedo
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Visually Impaired People ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Impaired Person ◽  
Further Development

The rehabilitation of a visually impaired person (VIP) is a systematic process where the person is provided with tools that allow them to deal with the impairment to achieve personal autonomy and independence, such as training for the use of the long cane as a tool for orientation and mobility (O&M). This process must be trained personally by specialists, leading to a limitation of human, technological and structural resources in some regions, especially those with economical narrow circumstances. A system to obtain information about the motion of the long cane and the leg using low-cost inertial sensors was developed to provide an overview of quantitative parameters such as sweeping coverage and gait analysis, that are currently visually analyzed during rehabilitation. The system was tested with 10 blindfolded volunteers in laboratory conditions following constant contact, two points touch, and three points touch travel techniques. The results indicate that the quantification system is reliable for measuring grip rotation, safety zone, sweeping amplitude and hand position using orientation angles with an accuracy of around 97.62%. However, a new method or an improvement of hardware must be developed to improve gait parameters’ measurements, since the step length measurement presented a mean accuracy of 94.62%. The system requires further development to be used as an aid in the rehabilitation process of the VIP. Now, it is a simple and low-cost technological aid that has the potential to improve the current practice of O&M.

Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Gait Training Assisted by Multichannel Functional Electrical Stimulation in Early Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Maijke van Bloemendaal ◽  
Sicco A. Bus ◽  
Frans Nollet ◽  
Alexander C. H. Geurts ◽  
Anita Beelen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Gait Symmetry ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Walking Capacity ◽  
Experimental Group

Background. Many stroke survivors suffer from leg muscle paresis, resulting in asymmetrical gait patterns, negatively affecting balance control and energy cost. Interventions targeting asymmetry early after stroke may enhance recovery of walking. Objective. To determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of up to 10 weeks of gait training assisted by multichannel functional electrical stimulation (MFES gait training) applied to the peroneal nerve and knee flexor or extensor muscle on the recovery of gait symmetry and walking capacity in patients starting in the subacute phase after stroke. Methods. Forty inpatient participants (≤31 days after stroke) were randomized to MFES gait training (experimental group) or conventional gait training (control group). Gait training was delivered in 30-minute sessions each workday. Feasibility was determined by adherence (≥75% sessions) and satisfaction with gait training (score ≥7 out of 10). Primary outcome for efficacy was step length symmetry. Secondary outcomes included other spatiotemporal gait parameters and walking capacity (Functional Gait Assessment and 10-Meter Walk Test). Linear mixed models estimated treatment effect postintervention and at 3-month follow-up. Results. Thirty-seven participants completed the study protocol (19 experimental group participants). Feasibility was confirmed by good adherence (90% of the participants) and participant satisfaction (median score 8). Both groups improved on all outcomes over time. No significant group differences in recovery were found for any outcome. Conclusions. MFES gait training is feasible early after stroke, but MFES efficacy for improving step length symmetry, other spatiotemporal gait parameters, or walking capacity could not be demonstrated. Trial Registration. Netherlands Trial Register (NTR4762).

scholarly journals Validation of a Laser Ranged Scanner-Based Detection of Spatio-Temporal Gait Parameters Using the aTUG Chair

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1343
Author(s):  
Sebastian Fudickar ◽  
Jörn Kiselev ◽  
Christian Stolle ◽  
Thomas Frenken ◽  
Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Berg Balance Scale ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Balance Confidence ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Abc Scale

This article covers the suitability to measure gait-parameters via a Laser Range Scanner (LRS) that was placed below a chair during the walking phase of the Timed Up&Go Test in a cohort of 92 older adults (mean age 73.5). The results of our study demonstrated a high concordance of gait measurements using a LRS in comparison to the reference GAITRite walkway. Most of aTUG’s gait parameters demonstrate a strong correlation coefficient with the GAITRite, indicating high measurement accuracy for the spatial gait parameters. Measurements of velocity had a correlation coefficient of 99%, which can be interpreted as an excellent measurement accuracy. Cadence showed a slightly lower correlation coefficient of 96%, which is still an exceptionally good result, while step length demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 98% per leg and stride length with an accuracy of 99% per leg. In addition to confirming the technical validation of the aTUG regarding its ability to measure gait parameters, we compared results from the GAITRite and the aTUG for several parameters (cadence, velocity, and step length) with results from the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence-(ABC)-Scale assessments. With confidence coefficients for BBS and velocity, cadence and step length ranging from 0.595 to 0.798 and for ABC ranging from 0.395 to 0.541, both scales demonstrated only a medium-sized correlation. Thus, we found an association of better walking ability (represented by the measured gait parameters) with better balance (BBC) and balance confidence (ABC) overall scores via linear regression. This results from the fact that the BBS incorporates both static and dynamic balance measures and thus, only partly reflects functional requirements for walking. For the ABC score, this effect was even more pronounced. As this is to our best knowledge the first evaluation of the association between gait parameters and these balance scores, we will further investigate this phenomenon and aim to integrate further measures into the aTUG to achieve an increased sensitivity for balance ability.

scholarly journals Comparative stable walking gait optimization for small-sized biped robot using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-424
Author(s):  
Tran Thien Huan ◽  
Ho Pham Huy Anh
Keyword(s):  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Differential Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Biped Robot ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biped Robots ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Lift Height ◽  
Evolution Algorithm ◽  
Gait Optimization

This paper proposes a new way to optimize the biped walking gait design for biped robots that permits stable and robust stepping with pre-set foot lifting magnitude. The new meta-heuristic CFO-Central Force Optimization algorithm is initiatively applied to optimize the biped gait parameters as to ensure to keep biped robot walking robustly and steadily. The efficiency of the proposed method is compared with the GA-Genetic Algorithm, PSO-Particle Swarm Optimization and Modified Differential Evolution algorithm (MDE). The simulated and experimental results carried on the prototype small-sized humanoid robot demonstrate that the novel meta-heuristic CFO algorithm offers an efficient and stable walking gait for biped robots with respect to a pre-set of foot-lift height value.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of a Smartphone App for Gait and Balance Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Usman Rashid ◽  
David Barbado ◽  
Sharon Olsen ◽  
Gemma Alder ◽  
Jose L. L. Elvira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Repetition Effect ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Balance Assessment ◽  
Compliant Surface ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Gait Parameters

Advances in technology provide an opportunity to enhance the accuracy of gait and balance assessment, improving the diagnosis and rehabilitation processes for people with acute or chronic health conditions. This study investigated the validity and reliability of a smartphone-based application to measure postural stability and spatiotemporal aspects of gait during four static balance and two gait tasks. Thirty healthy participants (aged 20–69 years) performed the following tasks: (1) standing on a firm surface with eyes opened, (2) standing on a firm surface with eyes closed, (3) standing on a compliant surface with eyes open, (4) standing on a compliant surface with eyes closed, (5) walking in a straight line, and (6) walking in a straight line while turning their head from side to side. During these tasks, the app quantified the participants’ postural stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters. The concurrent validity of the smartphone app with respect to a 3D motion capture system was evaluated using partial Pearson’s correlations (rp) and limits of the agreement (LoA%). The within-session test–retest reliability over three repeated measures was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement (SEM). One-way repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were used to evaluate responsiveness to differences across tasks and repetitions. Periodicity index, step length, step time, and walking speed during the gait tasks and postural stability outcomes during the static tasks showed moderate-to-excellent validity (0.55 ≤ rp ≤ 0.98; 3% ≤ LoA% ≤ 12%) and reliability scores (0.52 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.92; 1% ≤ SEM% ≤ 6%) when the repetition effect was removed. Conversely, step variability and asymmetry parameters during both gait tasks generally showed poor validity and reliability except step length asymmetry, which showed moderate reliability (0.53 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.62) in both tasks when the repetition effect was removed. Postural stability and spatiotemporal gait parameters were found responsive (p < 0.05) to differences across tasks and test repetitions. Along with sound clinical judgement, the app can potentially be used in clinical practice to detect gait and balance impairments and track the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs. Further evaluation and refinement of the app in people with significant gait and balance deficits is needed.

scholarly journals The influence of prosthetic foot alignment on trans-tibial amputee gait

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fridman ◽  
I. Ona ◽  
E. Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Internal Rotation ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Optimal Angle ◽  
Prosthetic Foot ◽  
Swing Time ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Identical Type ◽  
Foot Position

An optimally aligned prosthesis, as accomplished by the subjective judgment of the prosthetist, guarantees the best quality of gait. Yet, amputees can adapt to a large variety of geometrical configurations of the prosthetic components. Different external rotation angles of the foot in trans-tibial (TT) prostheses were investigated. The study tried to identify (a) the relationship between foot angle and other gait parameters and (b) the compensating pattern of the amputees to excessive external rotation of the foot. Eight (8) TT amputees, fitted with an identical type of prosthesis, were investigated during ambulation. The prosthetic foot was externally rotated as follows: optimal angle (10.94°±5.21°), optimal angle plus another 18°, and optimal angle plus another 36°. Analysis of gait was performed with the aid of an electronic walkway. Speed of gait, stance and swing time, and foot angle were monitored in 4 runs for each of the three foot angles. Speed of gait remained almost constant in the three tests. Stance and swing time, as well as step length, significantly changed when 36° were added to the optimal foot angle. This foot position significantly influenced inter-legs time difference and symmetry between the legs. During ambulation, prosthetic foot external rotation was decreased by internal rotation of the limb at the hip joint level. It is concluded that TT amputees can maintain an efficient speed of gait even when the prosthetic foot is malpositioned in excessive external rotation. Although such a malalignment significantly influences other gait parameters during walking, amputees are able to adapt themselves by internal rotation of the hip joint in the amputated leg.

scholarly journals Gait Training Methods and ChangesiIn Gait Parameters in Parkinson`s Disease (Literature Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušra Stuopelytė ◽  
Rasa Šakalienė
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Walking Velocity

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic progressive neurological disorder that can impact function to a variable degree. Changes in gait parameters are the most common signs of Parkinson’s disease. Patients with Parkinson’s disease walk with a reduced step length, step time, walking velocity and walking cadence, increased stride cycle time, coefficient of variation of the step amplitude and step time and increased risk to fall. So, various gait training methods are applied. The effect of rhythmic auditory stimulation on gait in Parkinson’s disease patients is analysed. We can use various kinds of music, metronome, scansion and clapping as a rhythmic auditory stimulation.One of gait training methods in Parkinson’s disease patients is treadmill training. There are attempts to combine treadmill training with transcranial magnetic stimulation and virtual reality. We can use Nordic walking method and because walking technique requires straight posture, trunk rotation, bigger step and heel stride. More often robot–assisted gait training is used in patients with Parkinson’s disease gait training. The effect of dual–tasking and walking with music methods for gait and balance training in patients with Parkinson’s disease is also analysed. This method requires participants to perform primary and secondary tasks at the same time. The secondary task can be cognitive or motor. Dual–tasking is widely analysed because opinions about applying this method are very controversial. Walking with music method is more often analysed in scientific literature. This method could not be compared to rhythmic auditory stimulation method because the latter requires precise walking to rhythm and walking with music method is oriented to emotional component (music is chosen according patients’ music taste). As these methods are applied, we can see an increase in chosen walking and maximal walking velocities, step length and time, distance covered, and decrease in the coefficient of variation of the step time and turning time.Keywords: Gait impairments, walking velocity, rhythmic auditory stimulation.

Influence of Different Dual-Task Conditions During Straight or Curved Walking on Gait Performance of Physically Active Older Women With Cognitive Decline

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernado Biazus-Sehn ◽  
Rafael Reimann Baptista ◽  
Régis Gemerasca Mestriner ◽  
Bianca Pacheco Loss ◽  
Daniela Aldabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Stride Length ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Stability Ratio ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasking ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Walk Ratio ◽  
Task Conditions

Real-world walking requires shifting attention from different cognitive demands to adapt gait. This study aims to evaluate the effect of dual tasking on spatiotemporal gait parameters of older adults. Participants were asked to perform a primary complex single-walking task, consisting of a fast-paced linear and a curved gait. Primary task was performed separately and simultaneously with different motor and cognitive secondary tasks. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, walk ratio, and walk stability ratio were measured. Apart from stride length, which stood relatively unchanged, gait speed and cadence were strongly affected by cognitive dual tasking. Cadence seems to be the most impacted by dual tasking during curved gait as it combines challenges of both primary and secondary tasks. Also, during curved phase, walking ratio was significantly lower and stability ratio was greater demonstrating that participants adopted a cautious gait where maintenance of stability took preference over efficiency.

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