Psychopathy, criminal social identity, and criminal network among murderers, attempted murderers, recidivists and first-time incarcerated juveniles from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (61) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Daniel Boduszek
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Male Youth ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Incarcerated Juveniles ◽  
Secondary Psychopathy ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Prison Populations ◽  
First Time

Background: The purpose of the current study was to examine the differences in primary and secondary psychopathy scores, criminal social identity dimensions (cognitive centrality, in-group affect, and in-group ties), and criminal network between four groups of juvenile offenders: murderers, attempted murderers, recidivistic nonhomicidal offenders, and firsttime nonhomicidal offenders. Participants and procedure: Self-reported data were collected among 725 male youth offenders (Mage = 16.47 years) incarcerated in four prisons in Pakistan. Results: The results revealed no significant differences in scores between the four groups of youth offenders on any of the measured variables. Conclusions: It appears that psychosocial selfreported measures may not be effective in discriminating among youth prison populations.

scholarly journals Structure Elucidation of an Pentacyclic Triterpenoid and Phenolic from Steam Bark of Vitex Pubescens Vahl

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Lenny Anwar
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Betulinic Acid ◽  
Spectroscopic Data ◽  
Structure Elucidation ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Hydroxybenzoic Acid ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenoid ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time

Pentacyclic triterpenoid, betulinic acid (1) and phenolic, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), had been isolated for the first time from the stem bark of Vitex pubescens Vahl. The structure of compounds 1 and 2 was determined based on the interpretation of spectroscopic data including UV, IR, NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, HMBC, COSY) and MS, as well as by comparison with those reported data.

The Associations Among Callous-Unemotional Traits, Worry, and Aggression in Justice-Involved Adolescent Boys

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Robertson ◽  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
James V. Ray ◽  
Laura C. Thornton ◽  
Tina D. Wall Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Callous Unemotional Traits ◽  
Violence Severity ◽  
Violent Offenses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Official Records

Previous research has reported that elevations on both callous-unemotional (CU) traits and anxiety (measured as trait worry) among adolescents are associated with a particularly severe pattern of aggressive behavior. In the current study, we tested whether elevated trait worry would add only to the prediction of less severe and reactive aggression assessed by self-report but not to more severe violence, proactive aggression, and official records of violent arrests. First-time male juvenile offenders ( N = 1,216) were assessed at 6-month intervals for 30 months. Contrary to predictions, our analyses found both CU traits and worry independently predicted self-reported violent offenses (regardless of violence severity) and aggression (both proactive and reactive) across 30 months after their first arrest. However, when using arrest records, only CU traits were associated with violent offenses. This suggests that the additive effects of anxiety and worry in predicting risk for later violence may be limited to self-report.

scholarly journals Identification of Pavinane Alkaloids in the Genera Argemone and Eschscholzia by GC-MS

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Cahlíková ◽  
Radim Kučera ◽  
Anna Hošt’álková ◽  
Jiří Klimeš ◽  
Lubomír Opletal
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectra ◽  
Fragmentation Pathway ◽  
Rich Source ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Alkaloid Extracts ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time

The genera Eschscholtzia and Argemone(Papaveraceae) represent a rich source of pavinane alkaloids, the identification of which in alkaloid extracts is generally problematic without standards. The alkaloid extracts of three Argemone and four Eschscholtzia species were analyzed using GC-MS. The alkaloids were identified based on comparison of their mass spectra with commercial libraries, with reported data in the literature and with spectra of reference compounds. A total of 23 alkaloids of six structural types (pavinane, protopine, benzylisoquinoline, benzophenanthridine, aporphine and protoberberine) were identified. The fragmentation pathway of pavinane alkaloids was used for their identification. O-Methylneocaryachine has been reported for the first time from a natural sources and the alkaloid pattern of Eschscholzia pulchella has been analyzed and described for the first time.

scholarly journals Structures of New Phenolic Glycosides from the Seeds of Cucurbita Moschata

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X0900400
Author(s):  
Li Fa-Sheng ◽  
Xu Jing ◽  
Dou De-Qiang ◽  
Chi Xiao-Feng ◽  
Kang Ting-Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Phenolic Glycosides ◽  
Phenolic Glycoside ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Chemical Evidence

A new phenolic glycoside and three known compounds were isolated from the seeds of Cucurbita moschata. The structures of the new compound was elucidated as phenylcarbinyl 5-O-(4-hydroxy)benzoyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical evidence. Three known compounds were identified as 1-O-benzyl[5-O-benzoyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside 2, cucurbitosides C 3 and A 4, by comparison of the spectral data with reported data. Compound 2 was isolated from this plant for the first time.

scholarly journals Disparities in Criminal Justice System Responses to First-Time Juvenile Offenders According to Indigenous Status

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1067-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Papalia ◽  
Stephane M. Shepherd ◽  
Benjamin Spivak ◽  
Stefan Luebbers ◽  
Daniel E. Shea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Indigenous Status ◽  
Indigenous Youth ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First Contact ◽  
First Time ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Young Offenders Act

This study explored the intersection between Indigenous status, gender, and age in relation to law enforcement responses to offending in 53,632 first-time juvenile offenders in Australia. Findings demonstrated that Indigenous offenders were more likely to receive a court summons (rather than diversionary alternative) following their first offense compared with non-Indigenous offenders when controlling for gender, age, and the nature and number of charges processed at first offense. No interactions were observed between Indigenous status, age, and gender. Indigenous status predicted receiving a court summons; however, the strength of this relationship diminished when offenders had one-to-two violent charges and when offenders’ first contact occurred after the commencement of the Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW), which formalized police responses to diversion. Stronger efforts are needed to prevent initial justice system contact and formal processing among Indigenous youth with a focus on community-led early intervention strategies.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents of the Root of Angelica tenuissima and their Anti-allergic Inflammatory Activity

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Gyu Choi ◽  
In-Gyu Je ◽  
Geum Jin Kim ◽  
Joo-Won Nam ◽  
Sang Hee Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Histamine Release ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Plant Source ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Human Mast Cells ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time

A phthalide, levistolide A (1), and six coumarins, demethylsuberosin (2), fraxetin (3), (-)-marmesinin (4), 3'( S)- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3’,4'-dihydroxanthyletin (5), 3'( R)- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3’,4'-dihydroxanthyletin (6), and isopraeroside IV (7) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the roots of Angelica tenuissima Nakai. Their chemical structures were confirmed by comparing spectroscopic and reported data. All seven compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant source. The anti-allergic activities of compounds 1-7 were examined using human mast cells, and compounds 1-3 at 10 μM potently suppressed IL-6 expression and inhibited histamine release from human mast cells by more than 30%.

scholarly journals Associations between Owners’ Reports of Unwanted Ridden Behaviour and In-Hand Behaviour in Horses

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicole Romness ◽  
Kate Fenner ◽  
Jessica McKenzie ◽  
Ashley Anzulewicz ◽  
Bibiana Burattini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
B Value ◽  
Parallel Analysis ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Linear Modelling ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
First Time

An evidence-based understanding of dangerous or unwelcome behaviour in horses would greatly benefit both horses and humans who interact with them. Using owner-reported data from the Equine Behaviour Assessment and Research Questionnaire (E-BARQ), the current study investigated in-hand behaviours associated with dangerous or unwelcome ridden behaviours, notably bolting, rearing and bucking. Respondents (n = 1584) to the ridden horse section of the E-BARQ answered 42 demographic questions, followed by 268 behavioural items. Parallel analysis was conducted to group individual behaviours into rotated components to create independent and dependent indices. Multivariable general linear modelling and ordinal logistic regression were used to identify behaviours associated with bolting, rearing and bucking. Results revealed that safety-from-bolt increased as social confidence with horses (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (cf = 1.02–1.09) and other animals (OR = 1.08; cf = 1.03–1.12), compliance in-hand (OR = 1.10; cf = 1.06–1.16) and tolerance of restraint (OR = 1.05; cf = 1.0–1.11) increased; and decreased as loading problems (OR = 0.95; cf = 0.92–0.99) increased. Safety-from-rear increased as tolerance of restraint (OR = 1.07; cf = 1.02–1.12) and social confidence with other animals (OR = 1.05; cf = 1.01–1.09) increased; and decreased as loading problems (OR = 0.94; cf = 0.91–0.98) increased. Safety-from-buck increased as social confidence with horses (b-value = 0.011, p < 0.001) and other animals (b-value = 0.010, p = 0.002), compliance in-hand (b-value = 0.015, p < 0.001), tolerance of restraint (b-value = 0.009, p = 0.027) and tolerance of haltering/bridling (b-value = 0.016, p = 0.010) increased, and it decreased as loading problems increased (b-value = −0.011, p < 0.001). By revealing, for the first time, that specific behaviours on the ground are associated with particular responses in the same horses when ridden, this study advances equitation science considerably. Identification of risk factors for dangerous behaviour while under saddle can improve safety for horses and riders and highlights the importance of effective and humane in-hand training.

Sharing This Walk

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Biondi
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Criminal Network ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
First Time ◽  
Police Forces

The First Command of Capital (Primeiro Comando do Capital - PCC) is a São Paulo prison gang, founded in the 1990s, that has expanded into the most powerful criminal network in Brazil. Karina Biondi’s rich ethnography of the PCC is uniquely informed by her insider-outsider status. Prior to his acquittal, Biondi’s husband was incarcerated in a PCC-dominated prison for several years. During the period of Biondi’s intense and intimate visits with her husband and her extensive fieldwork in prisons and on the streets of São Paulo, the PCC effectively controlled more than 90 percent of São Paulo’s 147 prison facilities. Available for the first time in English, Biondi's riveting portrait of the PCC illuminates how the organization operates inside and outside of prison, creatively elaborating on a decentered, non-hierarchical, and far-reaching command system. This system challenges both the police forces against which the PCC has declared war and the methods and analytic concepts traditionally employed by social scientists concerned with organized crime, incarceration, and policing. Biondi posits that the PCC embodies a “politics of transcendence,” a group identity that is braided together with, but also autonomous from, its decentralized parts. Biondi also situates the PCC in relation to redemocratization and rampant socioeconomic inequality in Brazil, as well as to counter-state movements, crime, and punishment in the Americas.

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