Wood dust – inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-130
Author(s):  
Renata Soćko
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Wood Dust ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Coniferous Species

Wood is a raw material of the wood industry. Exposure to dust from deciduous trees (hardwood) or from a mixture with coniferous species (softwood) is correlated with nasopharyngeal adenocarcinomas. Occupational asthma is the result of actions of the biologically active compounds pre¬sent in some wood species (both hardwood and softwood). Hardwood and softwood dusts may impair clear airway, resulting in chronic lung disease. Taking into account the health effects and the socio-economic conditions of enterprises presented by the European Commission, we propose to lower the current TLV value from 3 mg/m3 to 2 mg/m3 for the inhalable fraction of wood dust, with the note that the TLV value applies to all types of wood dust. The proposed value corresponds to the binding value proposed by the European Commission (BOELV) for the inhalable fraction of hardwood dusts set at 2 mg/m3, taking into account the socio-economic conditions of enterprises. This value will apply in Poland and EU countries from January 18, 2023. The Commission of the European Union included research on exposure to hard and mixed wood dust to technological processes classified as carcino¬genic to humans (Directive 2017/2398/EC) and indicating that if there is a mixture of hardwood dust with other wood dust then MAC refers to the total wood dust present in the mixture. Due to the fact that wood dusts are carcinogenic, mutagenic and cause pneumoco¬niosis, the determination of STEL values is unjustified. Wood dust was labeled as a carcinogen with Annex 1 to the Regulation of Ministry of Health, and with letter “A” because of possible sensitization.

Position of OLAF in a multi-level governance system of the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 103-120
Author(s):  
Janusz Ruszkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Agent Theory ◽  
System A ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One

The author aims to investigate the position of OLAF in the multi-level governance system (MLG) of the European Union with specific inter-institutional consequences of such location, assuming that OLAF is not a classical supranational institution. In the research subject an important role is played by the European Commission (EC), which established OLAF and gave it specific competences to act. These facts are fundamentally important for further considerations, so they can have a major impact on the precise determination of OLAF’s position in the MLG. If OLAF as an agent and supervisor has control powers over supranational institutions, including its principal, a supranational European Commission, it is unlikely that it would also be a supranational institution. This article demonstrates, that OLAF is not a classic supranational institution because it exhibits strong features of a supra-supranational institution operating in a multi-level EU governance system. A helpful theoretical and methodological research tools we consider the Principal/Agent Theory (PAT) and its combination Principal/Supervisor/Agent Theory (PSAT) on the one hand, and the concept of multi-level governance (MLG) on the other hand.

scholarly journals Insight into the Way the Content of Biologically Active Compounds in Meadowsweet Inflorescences (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) Is Shaped by Phytosociological Habitats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5172
Author(s):  
Kinga Stawarczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Chrupek ◽  
Agnieszka Sękara ◽  
Michał Gostkowski ◽  
Małgorzata Karbarz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Filipendula Ulmaria ◽  
Biochemical Compounds ◽  
Active Chemical ◽  
Insight Into

A collection of herbs from the natural environment remains not only a source of raw material but also provides evidence of chemical differentiation of the local populations. This work aimed at performing a phytosociological analysis of seven different stands of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim.) occurrence. A determination of total phenolic compounds and salicylates and the antioxidant activity of dried meadowsweet inflorescences (Flos ulmariae) was also performed. Active chemical compounds in F. ulmaria inflorescences were related to chemotype and diversified between investigated populations. Geographical distance and variation in phytosociological locations affected chemical composition in different ways, shaping the content of biochemical compounds crucial for herbal material quality. The obtained results can be a valuable indicator for Nexo and Baligród populations, which are good genetic material for research, breeding, and cultivation due to their biochemical composition, especially with respect to salicylates, as major compounds of determining market quality of Flos ulmariae.

scholarly journals Experimental Determination of Biologically Active Compounds in Pomace of Siberian Beet and Carrot

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Anastasia Kozhemayko ◽  
Irina Sergeeva ◽  
Irina Dolgolyuk
Keyword(s):  
Functional Food ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Industrial Processing

Introduction. With the development of the food and processing industry, the matter of environmental pollution is becoming more and more acute. Environmental protection is based on the principle of rational use of natural resources and sustainable technology. Vegetable pomace is a secondary raw material; its amount depends on the production technology and equipment. The observed positive trend in the gross harvest of vegetables in open ground can increase the number of vegetable processing enterprises and the capacity of existing enterprises. Eventually, waste will start accumulating at processing sites, and it will have to be used as raw materials. The present paper features the content of biologically active substances in pomace of carrots and beets grown on the territory of the Siberian region and introduces options for their further use in functional foods. Study objects and methods. The research featured carrot pomace of the varieties Losinoostrovskaya, Nantskaya, and Queen of Autumn, as well as beet pomace of varieties Cylinder and Bordeaux. All the samples were harvested in the Kemerovo region in 2019. Determination of physical and chemical parameters was carried out using standard methods. Carotenoids, flavonoids, β-cyanine were studied using spectrometry and photocolorimetric method. Results and discussion. The experiment featured the content of bioactive substances in pomace of carrots and beets obtained during industrial processing. The content of carotenoids in carrots (mg of β-carotene per 100 g of dry weight): for Losinoostrovskaya variety – 23.56 ± 0.23; Nantskaya – 25.32 ± 0.18; Queen of Autumn – 20.78 ± 0.25. Flavonoid content (mg of catechol equivalent per 100 g of dry weight): Losinoostrovskaya – 12.02 ± 0.37; Nantskaya – 13.45 ± 0.56; Queen of Autumn – 11.50 ± 0.48. The content of β-cyanine in beets (mg per 100 g of dry weight): Cylinder – 100.0 ± 8.5; Bordeaux – 35.0 ± 1.8. The nutritional value of carrot and beet pomace with a mass fraction of moisture was 10%. The nutritional value of vegetable pomace is due to the high content of dietary fiber; therefore, the raw materials can be considered for functional food production. The content of biologically active substances in vegetable pomace (flavonoids, carotenoids, β-cyanines) can enhance the functional orientation of this secondary raw material when used in food technologies for the production of food of high nutritional value. Conclusion. The results obtained will make it possible to use the biochemical potential of plant raw materials in many aspects, as well as to obtain new functional food products, thereby expanding the range of healthy foods.

Performance Evaluation of LC-MS Methods for Multimycotoxin Determination

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1708-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Pascale ◽  
Annalisa De Girolamo ◽  
Vincenzo Lippolis ◽  
Joerg Stroka ◽  
Hans G.J. Mol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
European Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
European Standards

The co-occurrence of regulated mycotoxins in foods and feeds, together with modified (“masked”) and emerging mycotoxins, has been increasingly reported worldwide in recent years. Therefore, sensitive, accurate, and validated methods for the simultaneous determination of these hazardous contaminants in different matrices are highly demanded to fulfil regulatory requirements and to carry out reliable surveillance programs. In these last years, LC-MS methodologies for multimycotoxin screening and/or quantification are being routinely used in control laboratories. However, to date, only one European Standard for multimycotoxin determination is based on LC-MS (EN 16877:2016). The need for standardized LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination has been highlighted by regulatory authorities and scientific advisory bodies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has issued calls for tender for the development of standardized LC-MS methods for mycotoxins in food and animal feeding stuffs. As deliverables, some LC-MS based methods for multimycotoxin determination are currently under approval as European Standards. In addition, the European Commission has recently established specific criteria with which screening methods for mycotoxins, including LC-MS methods, have to comply for use for regulatory purposes. Validation procedures by single-laboratory and collaborative trials have been defined. This paper provides insights and advances on guidelines and tools for performance evaluation of LC-MS methods intended for quantitative determination and for semiquantitative screening of multimycotoxins. In particular, performance criteria set in the European Union and the United States are critically overviewed, and expectations, needs, and future challenges relevant to LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination are also discussed.

Performance Evaluation of LC-MS Methods for Multimycotoxin Determination

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 1708-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelangelo Pascale ◽  
Annalisa De Girolamo ◽  
Vincenzo Lippolis ◽  
Joerg Stroka ◽  
Hans G J Mol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
European Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
European Standards

Abstract The co-occurrence of regulated mycotoxins in foods and feeds, together with modified (“masked”) and emerging mycotoxins, has been increasingly reported worldwide in recent years. Therefore, sensitive, accurate, and validated methods for the simultaneous determination of these hazardous contaminants in different matrices are highly demanded to fulfil regulatory requirements and to carry out reliable surveillance programs. In these last years, LC-MS methodologies for multimycotoxin screening and/or quantification are being routinely used in control laboratories. However, to date, only one European Standard for multimycotoxin determination is based on LC-MS (EN 16877:2016). The need for standardized LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination has been highlighted by regulatory authorities and scientific advisory bodies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has issued calls for tender for the development of standardized LC-MS methods for mycotoxins in food and animal feeding stuffs. As deliverables, some LC-MS based methods for multimycotoxin determination are currently under approval as European Standards. In addition, the European Commission has recently established specific criteria with which screening methods for mycotoxins, including LC-MS methods, have to comply for use for regulatory purposes. Validation procedures by single-laboratory and collaborative trials have been defined. This paper provides insights and advances on guidelines and tools for performance evaluation of LC-MS methods intended for quantitative determination and for semiquantitative screening of multimycotoxins. In particular, performance criteria set in the European Union and the United States are critically overviewed, and expectations, needs, and future challenges relevant to LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination are also discussed.

scholarly journals Developing EU environmental standards for the food, drink and milk industries: key environmental issues and data collection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
German Giner Santonja ◽  
Panagiotis Karlis
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Integration ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Best Available Techniques ◽  
Systematic Determination

Abstract Background The European Commission organised the review of the best available techniques reference document for the food, drink and milk industries according to the provisions of the Industrial Emissions Directive (Directive 2010/75/EU). Under this policy, an exchange of information between Member States, industrial organisations, non-governmental organisations promoting the protection of the environment and the European Commission took place. Results A crucial part for developing these EU environmental standards was a systematic determination of the key environmental issues of the food, drink and milk sector. Key environmental issues were defined for emissions to air and water, and for energy and water consumption. The key environmental issues were systematically determined by using four criteria proposed by the European Commission. Moreover, a data collection procedure was designed and real-plant emissions and consumption data were obtained for the first time from a representative variety of food, drink and milk installations across the European Union. Conclusions The development of the EU environmental standards for the food, drink and milk sector are based on a systematic determination of the key environmental issues and on a representative data collection for this sector. This paper also highlights the main normative, organisational and procedural factors addressed during the environmental policy integration carried out to develop these standards.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND INDICATORS OF THE QUALITY OF NEW HERBAL COLLECTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kriukova ◽  
Inna Vladymyrova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Active Substances

Rheumatic diseases include more than 1000 nosological forms, among which the highest incidence is osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. The predominantly advanced age, the presence of comorbid diseases, the duration of the course of the disease and the need for concomitant treatment complicate the conduct of anti-inflammatory and analgesic therapy in such patients. Herbal medicines, in particular in the form of doses, due to the mildness of the action and the absence of significant side effects, can be used in the complex therapy of the acute period of rheumatic diseases, as well as for the prevention of relapse. The aim of the presented work was to develop the composition, technology and determination of the quality indices of herbal collection, which reveals analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and can be used for the prophylaxis and auxiliary therapy of a number of conditions in rheumatology. Materials and methods. In the course of research, the methods used in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2.0 (SPHU) were used. Results. As a result of the analysis of literary data and our own experimental studies on the chemical composition and pharmacological activity of certain types of medicinal plant material, we have developed herbal collection that is recommended for the treatment and prevention of rheumatic diseases of the joints. Studies have been conducted on the development of quality collection indicators, which guarantee the effectiveness, safety, reproducibility of the imposed collection. The basic technological parameters of the raw material are determined: specific, bulk and volume mass, porosity, degree, degree of shredding. In order to prevent uneven mixing, an optimal degree of grinding of the raw material of the investigated collection, which ranges from 0.20 mm to 0.35 mm, is established, which allows obtaining a homogeneous mixture and contributes to the maximum yield of extractive and active substances. A series of experimental works aimed at studying the influence of the method of infusion (for 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and until complete cooling) on the quality of the collected water extracts from the collection was conducted. The optimal method for setting the collection for 60 minutes is the best, since the content of extractives and flavonoids in the aqueous extract was highest and amounted to 49.57±0.52 % and 0.52±0.03 % respectively. Conclusions. The composition of the herbal drug was developed: Harpagophyti radiх, Sophoraе alabastra, Valvae fructus Phaseoli vulgaris, Polygoni avicularis herba with the following ratio of components 50: 20: 20:10. The technological parameters of the raw material are studied: specific, volumetric and bulk mass, porosity, singularity of raw materials. The optimum degree of shredding of raw material is established, which helps to maximally remove biologically active substances and extractives. Experimental way is determined the optimal mode of collection, which can be recommended to the consumer to obtain the maximum therapeutic effect.

scholarly journals Identification and determination of ascorbic acid, free organic acids and tannic substances in the grass of Inula L. genus species

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Olena Yerenko ◽  
Galina Smoylovska ◽  
Taya Khortetska
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Inula Britannica ◽  
Inula Helenium ◽  
Inula Britannica L

The level of studying of Inula L. genus species, growing on the territory of Ukraine, is insufficient today. The study of chemical composition, accumulation of biologically active substances, pharmacological action of investigated grass species’ extracts of Inula L. genus of Ukrainian flora are of current interest. The aim of the work is making qualitative and comparative analysis of ascorbic, organic acids and tannic substances content in the raw material of investigated species of Inula L. genus (Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.). Quantitative determination was carried out by volume titration method. The presence of ascorbic acid, organic acids and tannic substances in the raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species was established with the help of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography methods. The quantitative determination of total organic acids was carried out according to XI edition of State Pharmacopoeia methods in terms of malic acid. Water extracts were studied for the tannins presence in raw material of Inula L. genus investigated species. Compounds identification was carried out through chemical reactions in accordance with Ukrainian State Pharmacopeia. The results obtained showed the perspective of further study of the biological activity of Inula britannica L. and Inula helenium L.

scholarly journals IMPROVING THE METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE AMOUNT OF CAROTENOIDS IN THE RAW MATERIAL “ROSEHIP FRUIT”

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Ol'ga Vladimirovna Sharova ◽  
Polina Valeriyevna Afanaseva
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Test Quality ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Long Time

The fruits of wild rose (Fructus Rosae) have been widely used in both traditional and officinal medicine for the long time. The pharmacological effect of the Rosehip medicine is related to the content of such biologically active compounds as: water-soluble (ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble (carotenoids) vitamins, as well as flavonoids (astragalin, isoquercitrin, tiliroside). Such medicine as Holosas, Carotolin and Rosehip syrup are obtained from the fruits of this plant. In addition, wild rose fruits are part of the various fees from which patients could prepare water infusions at home themselves. Regulatory documentation provides for the analysis of Rosehip raw materials three parameters: the content of ascorbic acid, the total carotenoids and flavonoids. The quantitative content of the total carotenoids in the fruits of the rosehip is regulated for the production of rosehip oil and Carotolin. However, in our opinion, the method of quantitative determination of the total carotenoids, described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation of the XIV edition, is too complicated and contains an unreasonably entered coefficient in the formula, leading to an overestimation of the analysis results in 10 times. We have developed the methodic of quantitative determination of the total carotenoids in Rosehip, that include single extraction of raw materials with hexane at room temperature and periodic mixing in the ratio of «raw material : extract» 1 : 30. Investigated solution there was obtained by diluting the hexane extract in the ratio of 2:25 and measured the optical density at wavelength 450 nm. Adjustments have been made to the formula for the calculating of the total carotenoids relating to the removal of the coefficient 10 unjustifiably entered into the pharmacopoeial methodic. It was determined that the content of the total carotenoids calculated on ß-carotene varied from 10.15 to 74.5 mg%. The metrological characteristics of the methodic indicate that the error of a single determination of the total carotenoids in the rosehip fruits with a 95% confidence level is ± 3.57%. Based on the results of the studies, a new test quality indicators “content of the total carotenoids at least 30 mg%” was substantiated instead of 300 mg%.

scholarly journals THE DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD OF QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS IN THE LEAVES OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-166
Author(s):  
Vladimir Alexandrovich Kurkin ◽  
Aliya Il'yasovna Khusainova ◽  
Anna Vladimirovna Kurkina ◽  
Nadezhda Nikolayevna Bakova ◽  
Ekaterina Yur'yevna Bakova
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geranyl Acetate ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Science Center

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is an evergreen plant, a small tree or shrub endemic to the Mediterranean region. In the area of growth since ancient times, various parts (berries, fruits and leaves) of myrtle are used in folk medicine. The therapeutic properties of varies parts of the myrtle can be caused with different biologically active compounds, such as terpenoids (α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, geranyl acetate, linalool, limonene, trans-myrtanol acetate), polyphenolic compounds named flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin, myrtocommulones etc. At present time the myrtle is successfully cultivated in the coastal zone of the southern coast of Crimea. We studied samples of leaves of myrtle, harvested in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – National Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The optimal conditions for the extraction of flavonoids from the leaves of were determined. It was established that the appropriate extragent for this raw material is 80% ethanol. The extraction time is 90 min, the ratio of "raw material-extragent" is 1 : 50. The method has been developed for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids (calculated on rutin) in the leaves of myrtle by the method of differential spectrophotometry, at an analytical wavelength of 414 nm. Using the developed methodic, a number of samples of the myrtle leaves were analyzed, and it was established that the content of the total flavonoids in the leaves of myrtle varies from 2.48±0.08% to 3.64±0.12% (calculated on rutin) .

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