Critical Review of Analytical and Bioanalytical Verification of the Authenticity of Coffee

Abstract Background: The driving factors for the commercial adulteration of coffee are reviewed. Objective: Methods have been assessed for the identification of the most common materials used to adulterate coffee by dilution, to establish the geographic origins, the genotypes of beans, and to assess the authenticity of Kopi Luwak coffee. Method: The literature was surveyed manually and electronically from 1820 to 2018. Results: A flow diagram has been developed to summarize the best approaches to deal with the authentication of coffee. Conclusions: Encouragement is given to the interlaboratory validation of spectroscopic approaches, the exploration of civet cat deoxyribonucleic acid for the identification of Kopi Luwak, and the development of appropriately large and well-curated datasets of authenticity information across multiple techniques. Highlights: The current analytical difficulties in the authentication of coffee are highlighted and suggestions made to improve the situation.

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Critical Review of Earth-Abundant Borides and Phosphides for Water Electrolysis: Transition from the Lab to the Market

Johnson Matthey Technology Review ◽

10.1595/205651321x16067419458185 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexey Serov ◽

Kirill Kovnir ◽

Michael Shatruk ◽

Yury V. Kolen’ko

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Electronic Structures ◽

Water Electrolysis ◽

H2 Production ◽

Platinum Group Metals ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Structure Property ◽

Widespread Implementation ◽

Earth Abundant ◽

Materials Used

To combat the global problem of CO2 emissions, H2 is the desired energy vector for the transition to environmentally benign fuel cell power. Water electrolysis (WE) is the major technology for sustainable H2 production. Despite the use of renewable solar and wind power as sources of electricity, one of the main barriers for the widespread implementation of WE is the scarcity and high cost of platinum-group metals (PGMs) that are used to catalyze the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Hence, the critical PGM-based catalysts must be replaced with more sustainable alternatives for WE technologies to become commercially viable. This critical review describes the state-of-the-art PGM-free materials used in the WE application. Several emerging classes of HER and OER catalysts are reviewed and detailed structureproperty correlations are comprehensively summarized. The influence of the crystallographic and electronic structures, morphology, and bulk and surface chemistry of the catalysts on the activity towards OER and HER is discussed.

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Progress of Building Materials and Foundation Engineering in Ancient Iraq

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.220 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 446-449 ◽

pp. 220-241

Author(s):

Al Taie Entidhar ◽

Al Ansari Nadhir ◽

Sven Knutsson

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Life Style ◽

Building Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Foundation Engineering ◽

Agricultural Activities ◽

Natural Materials ◽

Ancient Mesopotamia ◽

Materials Used ◽

Engineering Practices

Humans realised the importance of housing since the dawn of history. The first man used the caves as shelter. When agricultural activities dominated the life style of humans, villages started to be constructed. Later these were developed into cities. The dawn of civilization started in Iraq. The inhabitants in that time used the available natural materials in their construction. Reviewing the progress of engineering practices of ancient Iraq, reveals the facts that the inhabitants were aware of the principles of construction and engineering. The materials used and the design of the buildings were very suitable from both environmental and engineering perspectives. This work is a critical review of the progress and development of engineering practices and construction materials used in ancient Mesopotamia

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Synthetic materials used for the substitution of bone defects: Critical review

Annals of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

10.13172/2052-7837-1-1-398 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

SY Ivanov ◽

RF Mukhametshin ◽

AA Muraev ◽

DV Solodkaya

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Materials Used

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Pengendalian Kualitas Produk Lembaran Serat Semen Rata di Pt Bakrie Building Industries Dengan Metode DMAIC

ComTech Computer Mathematics and Engineering Applications ◽

10.21512/comtech.v1i2.2697 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1175

Author(s):

Ho Hwi Chie ◽

Muhammad Zaky Ambadar ◽

Wahyu Hidayat ◽

Sutan Rieza Abdillah

Keyword(s):

Product Quality ◽

Flow Diagram ◽

Entire Body ◽

Sigma Level ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Break Up ◽

Materials Used ◽

High Level ◽

Rapid Entire Body Assessment

Producing quality products to match customer expectations is an important thing that needs to be done by every company that produces any product, to gain public appreciation and sell their products on the market. Therefore companies need to have a strong commitment in improving and maintaining product quality. The study related to product quality of flat sheets of fiber cement or more commonly known as versaboard produced by PT. Bakrie Building Industries show that there are 9 (nine) types of defects that can degrade the quality of production. Most dominant defects occured on 3 (three) versaboard products, the crack (2.03%), broken end (0.80%) and side trim (0.35%) during observation. Sigma level of products is obtained at 4:16 at a cost saving of due to defects of Rp.14.645.600, 00. Defects that occur tend to be caused by methods, people, machines, and materials used. Efforts to reduce the level of defects are done by making the SOP of the break-up method, and manufacture of cutter flow diagram. REBA score calculation results (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) in the removal and break-up reduction is obtained at 8 with a high level of risk should lead to improving the position of the operator using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (Reba) so that operators can work more carefully and responsibly..

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Reporting cardiovascular clinical trials

ESC CardioMed ◽

10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0743 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 3077-3079

Author(s):

Muthiah Vaduganathan ◽

Scott D. Solomon

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Randomized Controlled Trials ◽

Critical Review ◽

Consort Statement ◽

Flow Diagram ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

High Quality ◽

Standardized Reporting ◽

Data Transparency ◽

Key Aspects

Standardized reporting of cardiovascular randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is mandatory to maintain high-quality studies, facilitate critical review and evaluation, and promote data transparency, consistency, and reproducibility. The 25-item Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement offers a clear and concise approach to reporting of contemporary RCTs that has been well accepted by the academic cardiovascular community. This chapter reviews the overall CONSORT checklist and flow diagram, and highlights key aspects with particular relevance to the conduct and reporting of contemporary cardiovascular RCTs.

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Conformation and Dynamics of Long-Chain End-Tethered Polymers in Microchannels

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11030488 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 488 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tamal Roy ◽

Kai Szuttor ◽

Jens Smiatek ◽

Christian Holm ◽

Steffen Hardt

Keyword(s):

Single Molecule ◽

Oil Recovery ◽

Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽

Dynamics Simulation ◽

Relaxation Dynamics ◽

Simulation Techniques ◽

Simulation Based ◽

Tethered Polymers ◽

Materials Used ◽

External Forces

Polyelectrolytes constitute an important group of materials, used for such different purposes as the stabilization of emulsions and suspensions or oil recovery. They are also studied and utilized in the field of microfluidics. With respect to the latter, a part of the interest in polyelectrolytes inside microchannels stems from genetic analysis, considering that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules are polyelectrolytes. This review summarizes the single-molecule experimental and molecular dynamics simulation-based studies of end-tethered polyelectrolytes, especially addressing their relaxation dynamics and deformation characteristics under various external forces in micro-confined environments. In most of these studies, DNA is considered as a model polyelectrolyte. Apart from summarizing the results obtained in that area, the most important experimental and simulation techniques are explained.

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Soft Materials used in heart valve research: A critical review

Proceedings of the International Conference on Nanotechnology for Better Living ◽

10.3850/978-981-09-7519-7nbl16-rps-335 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Abhimanyu Tharayil ◽

Vivek Verma ◽

Malay K. Das ◽

Kamal K. Kar

Keyword(s):

Heart Valve ◽

Critical Review ◽

Soft Materials ◽

Materials Used

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Spatial of model deforestation model based on physical factors in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi provinces period 1990-2019

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/886/1/012089 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 886 (1) ◽

pp. 012089

Author(s):

Syamsu Rijal ◽

Ardisthamudi Ilyas ◽

Roland Barkey ◽

Nisma Yani ◽

Chairil A ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Principal Component ◽

Forest Products ◽

Forest Area ◽

Driving Factors ◽

Physical Factors ◽

The Public ◽

The Road ◽

South Sulawesi ◽

Materials Used

Abstract One of the causes of decrease forest functions is deforestation. Deforestation is a nonforest cover change activity that affects the decrease function of forest ecosystems. South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces are two areas that have experienced high deforestation. The area of forest in South and West Sulawesi in 1990 amounted to 2,550,946.13 ha. The number decreased in 2019 amounted to 2,213,628.88 ha. This study aims to identify and understand the spatial model of deforestation based on biophysical driving factors in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces from 1990 to 2019. Materials used in this study were Statistics Data Centers in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019, Deforestation Profiles at South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, literature supporting research. Data analysis used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method. The results of this research explain that the driving factors the occurrence of deforestation in each location of the most influential research is the factor of the road, the closer the forest area to the road the higher the public desire to penetrate the forest area in addition, facilitate agricultural activities to distribute forest products and logs felling. River factors also have a role in the occurrence of deforestation, the community is very dependent on water needs primarily for agricultural land and plantations. In addition, the slope and altitude factors are also quite influential on the occurrence of deforestation due to the clearing of land in a fairly flat area with low altitude as in the Regency Bone and North Luwu, South Sulawesi province is very visible influence over the topographic areas of mountains and steep as in the Regency of Mamuju and Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Areas with such topography, have a low level of accessibility so that the pressure and disturbance are low enough from the community.

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