Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen M. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
Job Matching ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Federal Control

This chapter argues that ongoing plans at the local level spurred by black and white community leaders inside and outside Craven Operation Progress (now named CPI) proved effective in improving the imbalance between local and federal control during the War on Poverty. The most notable of these was the rate of economic development (namely industrial growth) in Craven starting in 1968. Building upon the foundation of previous efforts in the mid-1960s, it went far in helping to meet the original goals of the War on Poverty by providing broader access to steady and well-paying jobs that the poor most desired. Economic development would remain both a crucial goal and extension of the original antipoverty campaign in Craven well into the 1970s and beyond. While it had a varied impact on low-income individuals and was not a universal salvation out of poverty, Craven’s successes in job creation and job matching that benefited both whites and minorities appear to be in stark contrast to the chronicled shortcomings of similar efforts in urban areas such as Detroit, Philadelphia, and Oakland.

Attracting foreign capital as a factor in ensuring the country's economic growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Taras Malyshivskyi ◽  
Volodymyr Stefinin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Foreign Capital Inflows

The article examines the relationship between attracting foreign capital in the form of foreign direct investment and ensuring economic development. In particular, the analysis of the current structure of the economy is indicated, its raw material character is pointed out and, based on other researches, the necessity of its reform is substantiated, as Ukraine will remain a low-income country if the current trend continues. This is due to the fact that countries with a raw material structure of the economy are characterized by a low level of economic complexity, and therefore are not able to generate high levels of income in society. As a result, the expediency of stimulating the attraction of investment resources into the country’s economy, in particular in the form of foreign direct investment, is substantiated. The dynamics of attracting foreign direct investment to Ukraine and a number of other countries for the period from 1991 to 2019 is analyzed and the key negative factors that deter foreign investors from investing in the economy of Ukraine are indicated. As a result of the analysis, divergent trends in the economic development of Ukraine and other analyzed countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey, Romania, Hungary) were identified, which contributed to economic stagnation and restrained economic growth and development. Taking into account the analysis, as well as based on the concept of investment and innovation growth, it is proposed to use the experience of Israel to improve the country’s investment attractiveness and stimulate foreign capital inflows by adapting the Yozma program to Ukrainian realities. According to our estimates, the adaptation of this program to the Ukrainian economy will attract about $ 350 million over a five-year period of venture capital alone. In addition, programs such as YOSMA can also be implemented at the regional or even local level. We believe that the use of this tool will improve the investment attractiveness of the country, as well as provide sufficient financial resources to modernize the domestic economy and ensure rapid economic growth.

scholarly journals National and Local Definitions of an Environmental Nuisance: Water Pollution and River Decontamination in Six Urban Areas of Quebec, 1945–1980

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Stéphane Castonguay ◽  
Vincent Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Consensual Definition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Shed Light

When it created the Water Purification Board in 1961, the Quebec government intended to proceed with a major reorganization of the municipal wastewater treatment and drinking water systems throughout the province. In the following decades, the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment developed a series of programs and policies for the treatment of wastewater. If water pollution then appeared as a national problem and the subject of a consensual definition, neighbouring communities were facing specific problems that government policies tended to obscure. Our analysis of six municipalities (Drummondville, Sherbrooke, Saint-Hyacinthe, Granby, Trois-Rivières, and Shawinigan) located in three river basins (Saint-François, Yamaska, and Saint-Maurice), each with its own topography and hydrology, population, and industrial growth, and political and cultural history, reveals precisely how communities articulated their different understandings of pollution problems, as well as their distinct definitions of nuisance and means of coping with pollution. By identifying, at the local level, multiple representations of pollution phenomena and practices put forward to decontaminate water, we shed light on the difficulties surrounding the implementation of water treatment infrastructure in municipalities across Quebec between 1945 and 1980.

Local Economic Development in Area-based Urban Regeneration in Germany

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 523-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Weck
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Regeneration ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into

The article is intended to give insight into the state of the art of local economic development in area-based urban regeneration in Germany. The impor-tance of local economic development has been widely recognised and a series of workshops, evaluation reports and programmes has been initiated to promote this policy area. A set of policy programmes has been developed to support integrated action in distressed urban areas. There are no radical changes in the different programme designs, but rather subsequent adaptations and amplifications through time. Policy learning has taken place in a process cutting across all levels of government. The state of the art of local economic development is illustrated using the example of the city of Gelsenkirchen in order to see how different funding programmes on the national and/or Länder (federal states) level are applied and combined on the local level, and how they help to formulate an integrated urban renewal approach. A range of policy challenges remains. The challenges on the local level include, for example, the development of strategic capacity in designing and implementing local-economic development measures.

Economic and Social Indicators of Rural Development from an Economic Viewpoint

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark Edwards ◽  
Robert Coltrane
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
General Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
Per Capita

A disproportionately large share of our economic development problems, involving maldistributions of population, employment, and income, is found in rural areas. Although these problems directly affect the residents of rural areas, they are linked to economic problems in urban areas. Per capita income comparisons indicate the differential effects of economic development on the population. For example, per capita incomes of residents outside metropolitan areas are only about 71 percent of those in the orban-oriented ones. In addition, about one-third of all families live in nonmetropolitan areas, but over half of all low income families live there. Further, large geographic areas such as the Appalachian, Mississippi Delta, and Ozark regions are below the Nation as a whole in terms of the general level of economic development. Even in the urban centers of these rural regions, the average resident has not commensurately participated in the benefits derived from our Nation's economic development and growth. Comparisons of per capita income for different years show these maldistributions have persisted for decades.

Establishing a local coalition for addressing social determinants of hypertension in Quibdó (Colombia): a description and reflection on the process

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Diego I. Lucumí ◽  
Amy J. Schulz ◽  
Jorge E. Torres-Gil ◽  
Lenin Gonzales ◽  
Kielvis Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Social Determinants ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Low Income Countries

One-fourth of the adult population of Colombia is estimated to have hypertension. However, there has been relatively little attention to participatory approaches that address the social determinants of hypertension at the local level in Colombia. Early stages of a coalition for addressing hypertension in Quibdó (Colombia) included a stakeholder analysis and engagement of local organizations. This was followed by defining mutual goals, agreement of rules for decision making, and refining a shared vision. Based on a unified understanding of factors influencing hypertension risk, 12 organizations joined the local coalition. They developed an action plan for preventing hypertension and eliminating social disparities in its distribution. Lessons learned during this process suggest that, in marginalized urban areas of middle- and low-income countries, particular attention should be paid, at early implementation stages of coalition, to context specific challenges and opportunities, coalition membership and structure, reframing health, and strengthening capacity.

Living on a low income as a systemic impediment to socio-economic development of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
NATALIIA TOLSTYKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Government

The article sheds light on various approaches that seek to determine how widespread poverty and life on a low income are in Ukraine nowadays. As a social phenomenon, poverty has traditionally been associated with destitution and living below the subsistence level set by the government. However, the author holds the view that life on a low income not only means living near or below the poverty line. There is another part of Ukraine’s population that should also be considered needy — those whose income is less than twice as the subsistence level, and most of them are also subject to socio-economic deprivation. Drawing upon the findings of a social survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the NAS of Ukraine in 2019, the paper analyses the standard of living among different income groups. Particular attention is given to consumption patterns and social well-being of respondents in the lower income brackets. From the data, it can be inferred that living conditions of many Ukrainians are inadequate to sustain and develop human potential; furthermore, the low-income households have literally to struggle every day to make ends meet. The author brings into focus the main macroeconomic factors contributing to this situation and its adverse effect on the nation’s social potential. Some of the most common social consequences of living on a low income have been identified, such as limited consumption, a person’s dissatisfaction with life and his/her position in society. The above-mentioned survey also provides the estimates of how much the current subsistence level (with regard to Ukraine) should be. Having been made by different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Ukraine’s population, these estimates are a useful source of information — given that subsistence level is considered the basic social standard. According to the survey, all these figures are at variance with the official subsistence level, which is noticeably lower, and this indicates that the current subsistence level needs an upward revision. Today, the overall socio-economic situation in Ukraine is unfavourable for neoliberal economic reforms initiated by the government. Since these policies are primarily designed to reduce the role of state in managing the economy and implementing social welfare programmes, following this path will inevitably result in the entrenchment of mass poverty and in a major loss of Ukraine’s human potential, as well as labour force. The author argues that tackling the country’s chronic low income problem is only possible if a new strategy for socio-economic development is adopted, where social welfare is prioritised.

Spatiotemporal Changes of Riverbed and Surrounding Environment in Yongding River (Beijing section) in the Past 40 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 40407-1-40407-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Pang ◽  
He Huang ◽  
Tri Dev Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Cropland Area ◽  
The Past ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Spatiotemporal Changes ◽  
Yongding River

Abstract Yongding River is one of the five major river systems in Beijing. It is located to the west of Beijing. It has influenced culture along its basin. The river supports both rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it influences economic development, water conservation, and the natural environment. However, during the past few decades, due to the combined effect of increasing population and economic activities, a series of changes have led to problems such as the reduction in water volume and the exposure of the riverbed. In this study, remote sensing images were used to derive land cover maps and compare spatiotemporal changes during the past 40 years. As a result, the following data were found: forest changed least; cropland area increased to a large extent; bareland area was reduced by a maximum of 63%; surface water area in the study area was lower from 1989 to 1999 because of the excessive use of water in human activities, but it increased by 92% from 2010 to 2018 as awareness about protecting the environment arose; there was a small increase in the built-up area, but this was more planned. These results reveal that water conservancy construction, agroforestry activities, and increasing urbanization have a great impact on the surrounding environment of the Yongding River (Beijing section). This study discusses in detail how the current situation can be attributed to of human activities, policies, economic development, and ecological conservation Furthermore, it suggests improvement by strengthening the governance of the riverbed and the riverside. These results and discussion can be a reference and provide decision support for the management of southwest Beijing or similar river basins in peri-urban areas.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

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