The Patria Potestad Hoax

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Deborah Shnookal
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The State ◽  
Parental Authority ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
News Broadcasts ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pedro Pan ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews the impact in Cuba of Cold War propaganda about the family and communism. It investigates the origins of the rumor campaign maintaining that the Cuban revolutionary government planned to eliminate patria potestad (parental authority) and make all Cuban children wards of the state. The rumors were backed up by the printing and circulation of a fake law by the anti-Castro movement. The author examines how this hoax was also spread through sensational news broadcasts on the CIA’s Radio Swan and through other psychological warfare (or psywar) propaganda, along with pronouncements by Catholic clergy, and considers why this fearmongering was so effective in convincing many Cuban parents to send their children out of the country with Operation Pedro Pan.

Operation Pedro Pan and the Exodus of Cuba's Children

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Shnookal
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Literacy Campaign ◽  
Unaccompanied Children ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pedro Pan ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
National Literacy Campaign ◽  
The U.S

This in-depth examination of one of the most controversial episodes in U.S.-Cuba relations sheds new light on the program that airlifted 14,000 unaccompanied children to the United States in the wake of the Cuban Revolution. Operation Pedro Pan is often remembered within the U.S. as an urgent “rescue” mission, but Deborah Shnookal points out that a multitude of complex factors drove the exodus, including Cold War propaganda and the Catholic Church’s opposition to the island’s new government. Shnookal illustrates how and why Cold War scare tactics were so effective in setting the airlift in motion, focusing on their context: the rapid and profound social changes unleashed by the 1959 Revolution, including the mobilization of 100,000 Cuban teenagers in the 1961 national literacy campaign. Other reforms made by the revolutionary government affected women, education, religious schools, and relations within the family and between the races. Shnookal exposes how, in its effort to undermine support for the revolution, the U.S. government manipulated the aspirations and insecurities of more affluent Cubans. She traces the parallel stories of the young “Pedro Pans” separated from their families—in some cases indefinitely—in what is often regarded in Cuba as a mass “kidnapping” and the children who stayed and joined the literacy brigades. These divergent journeys reveal many underlying issues in the historically fraught relationship between the U.S. and Cuba and much about the profound social revolution that took place on the island after 1959.

Researching Telework

2000 ◽  
pp. 255-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole B. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Home Based ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the state of the art in telework research. The author reviews the most central scholarly literature examining the phenomenon of telework (also called home-based work or telecommuting) and develops a framework for organizing this body of work. She organizes previous research on telework into six major thematic concerns relating to the definition, measurement, and scope of telework; management of teleworkers; travel-related impacts of telework; organizational culture and employee isolation; boundaries between “home” and “work” and the impact of telework on the individual and the family. Areas for future research are suggested.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby C. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The Political ◽  
The West ◽  
White House ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
The Government ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The U.S

This concluding chapter considers the scope of the U.S. Cold War propaganda efforts during the late 1950s. In many ways, the 1950s had set the stage for the remainder of the Cold War. The superpower sporting rivalry continued to elevate the political significance of athletic exchanges, track meets, and a range of other competitions and interactions between sportsmen and sportswomen from the East and the West. For the U.S. public, the Olympics were still the source of much debate as each festival arrived on its quadrennial orbit. Victory or defeat at the Olympics clearly remained important to the public and to the White House. Declassified documents also suggest that in the post-Eisenhower years the government was still deploying the Olympics in the service of psychological warfare.

scholarly journals The Ambassadorial LPs of Dizzy Gillespie:World StatesmanandDizzy in Greece

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
DARREN MUELLER
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Hierarchy ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
Jazz Musician ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
Record Company ◽  
Musical Diplomacy

AbstractIn 1956, trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie became the first jazz musician to participate in the State Department's Cultural Presentations program, a highly public aspect of U.S. Government's Cold War propaganda efforts abroad. Seeking to capitalize on this historic moment, Gillespie's record company issued two LPs featuring his ambassadorial ensemble: World Statesman (1956) and Dizzy in Greece (1957). To date, scholarship about the tours highlights how Gillespie skillfully navigated the shifting political landscape both on and off the bandstand. The role that commercial record making played in the renegotiation of African Americans’ social position during this era, however, remains undertheorized. This article reveals how, despite the albums’ claims of representation from abroad, the LPs contain only a small portion of Gillespie's tour repertoire. I argue that these LPs were never meant to document the tours with veracity; rather, they were products of a political and technological moment when Gillespie's record label could leverage musical diplomacy to circulate an elevated vision for jazz within the country's cultural hierarchy.

scholarly journals Scientists of the State, Science of the State, and the State: Austrian and German Public Lawyers in the Short 20th Century Part 1: The Age of Catastrophe, 1914-1945

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-131
Author(s):  
Roman Puff
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Biographical Sketches ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

ABSTRACT Between the First World War and the end of the Cold War, Germany and Austria, whose legal cultures were highly interdependent in terms of persons, conceptions, and institutions, saw eleven or twelve fundamentally different regimes, depending on the interpretation of Austria’s status from 1938-45. Lawyers often ensured the legal functioning of these regimes and legitimized their existence. This again affected their notions of law, legality, and justice, and of the principles underlying these concepts, as well as their personal preferences and societal roles. Based on the analysis of about two hundred biographical sketches of Austrian and German lawyers, mostly from the field of public (international) law, of about 2,500 contributions to the leading “(Österreichische) Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht” from 1914 to 1945, and of the respective legal history-literature, this contribution analyzes the relation of Austrian and German lawyers to their respective states and regimes, and outlines the typical patterns of how they were affected by regime changes and how they reacted to them. Proceeding from this analysis, in the second part of this study, the relation between lawyers and the state until the end of the cold war will be illustrated and it will be shown that some typical patterns in the lawyers’ reaction to regime changes can be identified. Also the impact the state-lawyers-relation had on the development of Austria and Germany to stable, functioning democracies will be outlined.

““America's Chinese””: Anti-Communism, Citizenship, and Cultural Diplomacy during the Cold War

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen D. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Jade Snow Wong ◽  
The Government ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

With the onset of the Cold War, the federal government became concerned with the impact that the status and treatment of Chinese Americans as a racial minority in American society had on perceptions of the United States among populations in the Asian Pacific. As a response, the State Department's cultural diplomacy campaigns targeting the Pacific Rim used Chinese Americans, including Betty Lee Sung (writer for the Voice of America) and Jade Snow Wong and Dong Kingman (artists who conducted lectures and exhibitions throughout Asia). By doing so, the government legitimated Chinese Americans' long-standing claims to full citizenship in new and powerful ways. But the terms on which Chinese Americans served as representatives of the nation and the state——as racial minorities and as ““Overseas Chinese””——also worked to reproduce their racial otherness and mark them as ““non-white”” and foreign, thus compromising their gains in social standing.

scholarly journals 1956 at Ten and Beethoven’s Tenth

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-199
Author(s):  
Tibor Glant
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Service ◽  
State Security ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
Hungarian State

This article looks at Edward Alexander, an American diplomat who served in Hungary between 1965 and 1969, and his various writings. An Armenian-American man of letters, Alexander served in psychological warfare in World War II, then joined cold war radios and later the Foreign Service. Our focus is on the years 1965-67, when he served as Press and Cultural Affairs Officer at the Budapest Legation. Available sources include his official diplomatic reports, his rather large Hungarian state security file, a lifetime interview conducted under the aegis of the State Department in the late 1980s, a book on Armenian history, and a semi-autobiographical intelligence thriller he penned in 2000. These sources allow for a complex evaluation of his performance in Hungary and of his writing skills on account of his attempt to fictionalize his own exploits.

Organized Crime and the Quality of Government

2021 ◽  
pp. 799-826
Author(s):  
Leslie Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Political Actor ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

Until the 1990s, organized crime (OC) was usually treated by both states and analysts as a form of criminality, but not a political phenomenon. The situation has changed since the end of the Cold War, however, and OC is now typically seen as both a security threat and a political actor that can impact upon the quality of government. Reasons for this change are explored in this chapter. Arguably, OC becomes the most dangerous when it colludes with corrupt state officials and even the state itself. Following sections on defining terms and how perceptions have changed since 1990, this chapter provides a novel taxonomy of the numerous ways in which OC and the state interact—and in some cases even mimic each other. The chapter concludes with consideration of the impact that collusion and mimicry have on the quality of government, and an agenda for future research.

“The Best Type of Chinese”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline Y. Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Chinese Overseas ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
Chinese Intellectuals ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This chapter looks at the enactment of political agendas under the guise of humanitarian outreach through the operations of the CIA-funded Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI). This ostensibly nongovernmental agency targeted intellectual Chinese for assistance and migration, first to aid the Nationalists on Taiwan and then to the United States in fulfillment of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Despite the limits of U.S. assistance, the Department of State, through the Office of Refugee and Migration Affairs (ORM) and the U.S. Information Agency (USIA), sought to maximize the impact of such symbolic relief programs. Cold War propaganda proclaimed American friendship and concern for Chinese overseas while reassuring Americans domestically that applicants vetted not only for political views but also for prearranged employment.

The Cold War, Propaganda, and the State–Private Network

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby C. Rider
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Warfare ◽  
History Of ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
War Propaganda ◽  
Private Network ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
The U.S

This chapter traces the reemergence of the U.S. psychological warfare apparatus—particularly propaganda—during the Cold War. Though widely deployed during the Second World War, these methods were initially held back in its aftermath. Nevertheless, the machinery for psychological warfare was designed, built, and refined under the presidency of Harry S. Truman and eagerly molded by his successor, Dwight Eisenhower. That both administrations decided to pour time and energy into propaganda also reveals much about the history of the twentieth century. This chapter maps out the United States' use of propaganda and psychological warfare in the years leading up to and during the Cold War. In addition, it also examines the U.S. government's use of private businesses, groups, and organizations to support U.S. foreign policy objectives.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document