scholarly journals Regiões pluviométricas homogêneas e a erosividade das chuvas na unidade hidrográfica Pirapó, Paranapanema III e IV-Paraná / Homogeneous rainfall regions and rainfall erosivity in the hydrographic unit Pirapó, Paranapanema III and IV hydrographic (...)

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (46) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Miguel De Bodas Terassi ◽  
Hélio Silveira ◽  
Carlos Henrique Da Graça
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Proximity Measure ◽  
Temporal Segmentation ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Monthly Distribution ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
The Relationship

<p>O presente trabalho objetiva definir regiões pluviométricas homogêneas e investigar a relação entre o regime pluviométrico e o potencial da erosividade para a unidade hidrográfica Pirapó, Paranapanema III e IV - Paraná. Foram obtidos os dados de pluviosidade de trinta e cinco postos pluviométricos do Instituto das Águas do Paraná e de cinco estações meteorológicas do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) e Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR), trabalhados com o segmento temporal de 1976 a 2012. O índice de erosividade da chuva utilizado foi calculado a partir da equação apresentada por Rufino, Biscaia e Merten (1993) para o estado do Paraná. Definiu-se que o método de agrupamento mais adequado é o método aglomerativo de Ward, tendo como medida de proximidade a distância euclidiana. A área de estudo apresenta uma variação espacial da pluviosidade que mostra a influência da orografia principalmente para a distribuição espacial na escala anual, enquanto que a localização dos grupos demonstra uma maior associação à dinâmica atmosférica, conforme consultado pela literatura, para a compreensão da distribuição mensal das chuvas. Sobretudo, a delimitação dos grupos pluviométricos homogêneos permitiu compreender a relação entre o relevo, as alturas pluviométricas e o potencial erosivo das chuvas.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: agrupamento, pluviosidade, potencial erosivo, bacia hidrográfica.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p>This paper aims to define homogeneous rainfall regions and to investigate the relationship between rainfall and the potential erosivity for Pirapó, Paranapanema III and IV hydrographic unit - Paraná. The rainfall data was collected from thirty five rain gauges at Paraná Water Institute and from five weather stations at Paraná Agronomy Institute (IAPAR), National Weather Institute (INMET) and Paraná Meteorological System (SIMEPAR) and were processed within the temporal segmentation 1976 to 2012. The erosivity index rain used was calculated from the equation presented by Rufino, Biscaia and Merten (1993) for the Paraná State. It was defined that the most appropriate clustering method is the agglomerative method of Ward, with the proximity measure the Euclidean distance. The study area presents a spatial variation of rainfall that shows the orography influence mainly to the spatial distribution in the annual scale, while the location of groups shows a greater association with the atmospheric dynamics, as referred in the literature, for understanding the monthly distribution of rainfall. Above all, the delimitation of homogeneous rainfall groups allowed to understand the relationship between relief, the rain heights and the erosive potential of rainfall.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: clustering, rainfall, erosive potential, watershed.</p>

scholarly journals VARIABILIDADE PLUVIOMÉTRICA E A EROSIVIDADE DAS CHUVAS NA UNIDADE HIDROGRÁFICA PIRAPÓ, PARANAPANEMA III E IV - PARANÁ - RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND RAINFALL EROSIVITY IN PIRAPÓ, PARANAPANEMA III AND IV HYDROGRAPHIC UNIT - PARANÁ

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Miguel de Bodas Terassi ◽  
Hélio Silveira ◽  
José Francisco de Oliveira Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
Usual Behavior ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Rainy Days

Os estudos acerca do comportamento espaço-temporal da chuva fornecem subsídios para o planejamento de diversos setores, enquanto o conhecimento da erosividade das chuvas permite a identificação de áreas e períodos em que as práticas de conservação do solo são prioritárias. Baseado nisto, o presente trabalho objetiva avaliar a variabilidade pluviométrica e a erosividade na unidade hidrográfica Pirapó, Paranapanema III e IV, que está situada no Terceiro Planalto Paranaense, entre os paralelos de 22º30’S e 23º30’S e os meridianos de 51º00’W e 53º00’W. Os dados pluviométricos foram obtidos de trinta e cinco postos pluviométricos do Instituto das Águas do Paraná e de cinco estações meteorológicas do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) e Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR), no período de 1976 a 2012, para as escalas anual e sazonal. Foi utilizada a metodologia de Rufino, Biscaia e Merten (1993) para a determinação do índice de erosividade da chuva. Verificou-se que o setor mais elevado da unidade hidrográfica apresentou as maiores alturas pluviométricas, os maiores números de dias de chuva e o maior potencial erosivo. Inversamente, os setores de menores cotas altimétricas obtiveram os menores resultados pluviométricos, número de dias de chuva e erosividade. Notou-se que os resultados para a escala sazonal estiveram alinhados aos já obtidos e ao comportamento habitual da dinâmica atmosférica regional.ABSTRACTResearch concerning rainfall spatio-temporal behavior provides help to the planning of many sectors, while the knowledge of rainfall erosivity allows identifying areas and periods in which soil conservation measures are a priority. Based on this, this paper aims to evaluate the rainfall variability and the erosivity in Pirapó, Paranapanema III and IV hydrographic unit, which is located at the so-called Third Plateau of Paraná, between the 22º30’S and 23º30’S parallels and the 51º00’W and 53º00’W meridians. The rainfall data were obtained from thirty five rain gauges at Paraná Water Institute and from five weather stations at Paraná Agronomy Institute (IAPAR), National Weather Institute (INMET) and Paraná Meteorological System (SIMEPAR), in the period of 1976 to 2012, to the annual and seasonal time scales. The methodology by Rufino, Biscaia and Merten (1993) was applied to determine the rainfall erosivity index. It was possible to verify that the most elevated sector of the hydrographic unit showed the greatest heights of rainfall, the biggest amount of rainy days and the greatest erosion potential. On the other hand, the sectors with the lowest altimetric quotas had the lowest results regarding rainfall, amount of rainy days and erosity. It was noticed that the results to the seasonal time scales were aligned to that had been verified and to the usual behavior of the regional atmospheric dynamics.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to erosion risks in soils dedicated to the pineapple cultivation in the state of Valle del Cauca, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206
Author(s):  
Carolina Martinez López ◽  
Albin Osvaldo Rivera Paja ◽  
Juan Carlos Menjivar Flores
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
The State ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Topographic Factor ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Valle Del Cauca ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Soil Losses

In Colombia almost half of the soils are prone to erosion, where Valle del Cauca is one of the most affected departments with respect to its severity. In order to identify the susceptibility to erosion risks in terms of the rainfall erosivity and the incidence of the topographic factor in the main pineapple producing municipalities of the department, a study was carried out that contemplated the historical climatological information of more than 50 years, for which all available weather stations in the area were selected. The erosivity index (R–EI30), the modified Fournier index (MFI), and the topographic factor (LS) were estimated. The results indicate that the average MFI values ranged between (91.31 and 582.79) which correspond to the moderate, high and very high categories, the results of R-EI30 presented moderate, high, very high and extremely severe values (5076.91 MJ.mm.ha-1 - 22718.83 MJ.mm.ha-1), while the highest values of the topographic factor (with slopes up to 81°) coincide with the upper part of the river basin Dagua, predominantly in the municipality of Dagua. These values indicate that the soils in the area are susceptible to erosion risks depending on the rainfall erosivity and the topographic factor at a moderate, high and very high level, which can generate significant soil losses, and therefore they should be considered when establishing a pineapple crop.

scholarly journals Rainfall pattern and erosion potential in the physiographic regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 849-853
Author(s):  
Antonio G. Pinheiro ◽  
Thais E. M. dos S. Souza ◽  
Suzana M. G. L. Montenegro ◽  
Abelardo A. de A. Montenegro ◽  
Sérgio M. S. Guerra
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Rainfall Data ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Physiographic Regions

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to characterize the spatial and temporal (2000-2015) rainfall pattern variability and erosive potential in the different physiographic regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Rainfall data series (3 to 12 years) from 25 weather stations of the state were analyzed. Erosive rainfall events (more than 10 mm depth) were considered to evaluate the annual erosivity index, monthly erosivity index (EI30), rainfall erosivity factor (R), and rainfall pattern. The inverse distance weighting (IDW) - inverse of the square of the distance - was used to create spatial interpolation and develop maps. The rainfall data from the weather stations showed average annual rainfall of 827 mm and average erosivity of 4,784 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. The Metropolitan region of Pernambuco presented the highest rainfall erosivity index, with annual average of 9,704 MJ mm ha-1 h-1; and the Sertão do São Francisco region had the lowest, with annual average of 4,902 MJ mm ha-1 h-1. The state of Pernambuco presented advanced (42%), intermediate (38%), and delayed (20%) rainfall patterns.

scholarly journals Estimativa da erosividade da chuva na bacia hidrográfica do rio Juma com base em dados do satélite TRMM / Estimation of rain erosion in the Juma river basin based on TRMM satellite data

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (56) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Miqueias Lima Duarte ◽  
Eliomar Pereira da Silva Filho
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Rainfall Erosivity ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Surface Data ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
And Control ◽  
Rain Erosion

Conhecer o potencial da chuva em causar erosão do solo é de fundamental importância para a compreensão da fragilidade de uma região, essas informações podem ser utilizadas na prevenção e controle da degradação do solo, auxiliando o planejamento territorial. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a erosividade da chuva na bacia hidrográfica do rio Juma, no sul do estado do Amazonas. Foram utilizados dados mensais pluviométricos do produto 3B42-V7 do sensor TRMM obtidos na plataforma Giovanni e comparados com dados de superfície, para a série histórica de 1998 a 2016. O índice de erosividade da chuva foi obtido a partir de um modelo proposto por Oliveira Jr e Medina (1990) desenvolvido para a região. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a variação espacial do índice de erosividade da chuva ao longo da bacia do rio Juma foi pequena (média de 11,66 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.ano-1), as maiores variações estão relacionadas a sazonalidade regional, sendo que o mês de julho apresenta o menor índice de erosividade médio (47,74 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.ano-1), enquanto que o mês de fevereiro apresentou o maior índice de erosividade (145,73 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.ano-1).Palavras–chave: Potencial erosivo da chuva, Degradação do solo, Sensor orbital.Abstract Knowing the potential of rain to cause soil erosion is of fundamental importance to understand the fragility of a region, this information can be used in the prevention and control of soil degradation, assisting the territorial planning. This study aims to estimate the rainfall erosivity in the river basin of the Juma, in the south of the state of Amazonas. Monthly rainfall data from the 3B42-V7 TRMM sensor product obtained from the Giovanni platform and compared with surface data were used for the historical series from 1998 to 2016. The rainfall erosivity index was obtained from a model proposed by Oliveira Jr and Medina (1990) developed for the region. The results indicate that the spatial variation of the rainfall erosivity index along the Juma river basin was small (mean of 11.66 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.year-1), the most significant variations are related to regional seasonality, and the month of July It has the lowest mean erosivity index (47.74 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.year-1), while February presented the highest erosivity index (145.73 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1.year-1).Keywords: Erosive potential of rain, Soil degradation, Orbital Sensor.

scholarly journals Research on the Method of Coke Optical Tissue Segmentation Based on Adaptive Clustering

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Huaiguang Liu ◽  
Liheng Zhang ◽  
Shiyang Zhou ◽  
Li Fang
Keyword(s):  
Mahalanobis Distance ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Adaptive Threshold ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Tissue Segmentation ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
Morphological Filtering ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Relationship

The microstructure is the key factor for quality discriminate of coke. In view of the characteristics of coke optical tissue (COT), a segmentation method of coke microstructures based on adaptive clustering was proposed. According to the strategy of multiresolution, adaptive threshold binarization and morphological filtering were carried out on COT images with lower resolution. The contour of the COT body was detected through the relationship checking between contours in the binary image, and hence, COT pixels were picked out to cluster for tissue segmentation. In order to get the optimum segmentation for each tissue, an advanced K -means method with adaptive clustering centers was provided according to the Calinski-Harabasz score. Meanwhile, Euclidean distance was substituted with Mahalanobis distance between each pixel in HSV space to improve the accuracy. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional K -means algorithm, FCM algorithm, and Meanshift algorithm, the adaptive clustering algorithm proposed in this paper is more accurate in the segmentation of various tissue components in COT images, and the accuracy of tissue segmentation reaches 94.3500%.

scholarly journals Rainfall regime trends at annual and monthly scales in Catalonia (NE Spain) and indications of CO2 emissions effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Lana ◽  
M. Carmen Casas-Castillo ◽  
Raül Rodríguez-Solà ◽  
Carina Serra ◽  
M. Dolors Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Trends ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Dry Spells ◽  
Greenhouse Effects ◽  
Annual Scale ◽  
Ne Spain

AbstractThe pluviometric regime in the Western Mediterranean and concretely in Catalonia (NE Spain) is characterised by irregular amounts at monthly and annual scales, sometimes with copious short episodes causing floods and, conversely, sometimes with long dry spells exceeding 1 month length, depending on the chosen threshold level to define the dry episode. Taking advantage of a dense network of rain gauges, most of them with records length of 50–60 years and some others exceeding 85 years, the evolution of these monthly and annual amounts is quantified by means of their time trends, statistical significance and several irregularity parameters. In agreement with the evolution of the CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing concentration, in parts per million (ppm), of this greenhouse gas, different time trends at annual scale have been detected up to approximately years 1960–1970 in comparison with the interval 1960–1970 to nowadays. Consequently, besides the greenhouse effects on the temperature regime, the influence on the pluviometric regime could not be negligible. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Variabilidade Espacial da Erosividade das Chuvas para o Estado da Paraíba (Variability of Spatial Erosivity of Rainfall in the Paraíba State)

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Bernardo Starling Dorta do Amaral ◽  
João Filadelfo de Carvalho Neto ◽  
Richarde Marques da Silva ◽  
José Carlos Dantas
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Rainfall Characteristics ◽  
R Factor ◽  
Erosivity Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Soil Loss Equation

As características específicas das chuvas variam entre regiões, e o conhecimento da sua potencialidade erosiva é necessário para o planejamento dos recursos hídricos. Este estudo determinou a erosividade, analisou a variabilidade espacial da precipitação e o coeficiente de chuva para o Estado da Paraíba mediante técnicas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica. Para a realização deste estudo foram utilizados dados climatológicos de 98 estações climatológicas da Embrapa, com séries de 1911 a 1990. Em seguida as informações sobre a erosividade foram processadas cartograficamente. O valor médio anual da erosividade das chuvas com base no índice EI30 para o Estado da Paraíba foi de 5.032,03 MJ.mm/ha/h, valor que representa o Fator “R” da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE). As equações de regressão entre erosividade e precipitação e coeficiente de chuva não foram significativas. As principais conclusões são que: (a) os índices de erosividade encontrados são maiores na zona litorânea do que nas demais porções do Estado, e (b) as erosividades encontradas variaram de acordo com os valores da precipitação.   A B S T R A C T Specific rainfall characteristics vary among regions and their erosion potential must be known for the planning of water resources. This study analyzed the erosivity and rainfall variability and precipitation coefficient for Paraíba State based on Geographic Information Systems techniques. In order In this paper 98 climatological stations of Embrapa were used, with rainfall data of 1911 to 1990. For this study we use d climate data from 98 weather stations of Embrapa, with series from 1911 to 1990. Additionally we processed the information of the erosivity index cartographically by year and microregions. The mean annual value of erosivity was 5,032.03 MJ.mm/ha/h, which is to be used as “R” Factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for Paraíba State and surrounding regions with similar climatic conditions. The main conclusions are that: (a) erosivity indexes are higher in coastal areas than in inland areas, and (b) the erosivity range according to the precipitation.   Keywords: erosivity, rainfall, water resources   

8 Cultural Continuity and Change

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 182-194
Author(s):  
Clarence H. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Temporal Segmentation ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Working Out

This site is one of several key sites in the Caddoan Area which Krieger used in the formulation of his classification of Caddoan cultures. It offers, in Mound B, a clear separation of habitation periods by sterile fills and thereby affords a sharp temporal segmentation of culture levels. We believe that we have been reasonably accurate in relating other habitation levels and burials to the four levels of Mound B in working out the picture of the entire site. It now seems desirable to investigate these levels or periods for (a) evidences of continuity of traits and culture patterns, (b) evidences of abrupt interruption of culture or interjection of an entirely new cultural pattern and (c) evidences of distinct culture sequences, resulting either from internal growth and differentiation or from external influences, sudden or gradual. This site may thereby contribute information as to relative depth of Caddoan culture, to the relationship between Gibson and Fulton aspects, and to temporal associations between the various Caddoan cultures and other cultures of the Southeast.

scholarly journals Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers in Extreme Precipitation on the European Macaronesian Islands

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre M. Ramos ◽  
Ricardo M. Trigo ◽  
Ricardo Tomé ◽  
Margarida L. R. Liberato
Keyword(s):  
Canary Islands ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Macaronesian Islands ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precipitation Events

The European Macaronesia Archipelagos (Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands) are struck frequently by extreme precipitation events. Here we present a comprehensive assessment on the relationship between atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation events in these three Atlantic Archipelagos. The relationship between the daily precipitation from the various weather stations located in the different Macaronesia islands and the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (obtained from four different reanalyses datasets) are analysed. It is shown that the atmospheric rivers’ influence over extreme precipitation (above the 90th percentile) is higher in the Azores islands when compared to Madeira or Canary Islands. In Azores, for the most extreme precipitation days, the presence of atmospheric rivers is particularly significant (up to 50%), while for Madeira, the importance of the atmospheric rivers is reduced (between 30% and 40%). For the Canary Islands, the occurrence of atmospheric rivers on extreme precipitation is even lower.

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