Europäisierung von Außenpolitik?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Clemens ◽  
Alexander Reinfeldt ◽  
Telse Rüter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Did the establishment of the EPC in the 1970s, the predecessor of today’s EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, lead to the ‘Europeanisation’ of national foreign policies and the ‘socialisation’ of the actors involved? Based on a thorough analysis of sources, this study aims to answer these questions, taking into account different concepts of ‘Europeanisation’ and ‘socialisation’ in political science. It focuses on the four EC/EPC countries Belgium, France, Germany and the United Kingdom, and on the foreign policy areas of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean as well as Southern Africa. As the authors point out, only an in-depth and source-based analysis of decision-making processes on both an EPC and national level can determine the complex interactions as well as the influencing factors that shape foreign policy. By conducting such an analysis, they are able to provide conclusive answers to the questions of ‘Europeanisation’ and ‘socialisation’.

Feminist Perspectives on Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie D'Aoust
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Impact

Foreign policy analysis (FPA) deals with the decision-making processes involved in foreign policy-making. As a field of study, FPA overlaps international relations (IR) theory and comparative politics. Studies that take into account either sex, women, or gender contribute to the development of knowledge on and about women in IR, which is in itself one of the goals of feminist scholarship. There are two main spheres of feminist inquiries when it comes to foreign policy: the role of women as sexed power holders involved in decision-making processes and power-sharing in the realm of foreign policy-making, and the role of gendered norms in the conduct and adoption of foreign policies. Many observers insist that feminism and foreign policy are linked only by a marriage of convenience, designed to either acknowledge the political accomplishments of women in the sphere of foreign policy such as Margaret Thatcher and Indira Ghandi, or bring attention to so-called “women’s issues,” such as reproduction rights and population control. Scholarship on women and/or gender in relation to foreign policy covers a wide range of themes, such as the role of women as political actors in decision-making processes and organizational structures; women’s human rights and gender mainstreaming; the impact of various foreign policies on women’s lives; and the concept of human security and the idea of women’s rights as a valid foreign policy objective. Three paradigms that have been explored as part of the study of women in comparative politics and IR are behavioralism, functionalism, and rational choice theory.

China’s foreign and security policy institutions and decision-making under Xi Jinping

2020 ◽  
pp. 136914812097488
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
General Secretary

Power concentration in the hands of Xi Jinping, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary, can be interpreted not only as a reaction to the power fragmentation and the intra-party factionalism that developed under his predecessor, but also as a way to strengthen and stabilise China’s authoritarian polity. In the realm of foreign and security policy, it can also be understood as the result of China’s awareness of both the growing transnational security risks that it is facing and the need to better address the new international tasks and responsibilities it needs to fulfil as a great power. Since 2012, Xi has embarked on sweeping institutional reforms that have contributed to centralising and better coordinating foreign and security decision-making. Yet, although more integrated, China’s authoritarian system has remained fragmented, including in the realm of foreign and security policy, an area where decision-making processes are still highly opaque.

scholarly journals Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Idea of Community in the Institutional and Decision-making Sphere of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-552
Author(s):  
Michal Piechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Treaty Of Lisbon ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

The Treaty of Lisbon (TL) altered the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) not only in its institutional structure, but also in its function and decision making processes. These changes affected the competences of member states, other authorities, and their relationships. They also influenced the prospects for intergovernmental cooperation and the evolutionary development of communitisation phenomena within this policy.

scholarly journals From Convergence to Divergence: The Compatibility of Turkish and EU Foreign Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 323-346
Author(s):  
Zerrin Torun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Eu Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis chapter assesses the compatibility of Turkish and EU foreign policies between 1959 and 2020. Based on the analysis of key international developments and Turkey’s alignment with the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), the chapter identifies four periods that were characterized by different degrees of convergence and divergence. In the period between 1959 and 1998 compatibility was relatively high as Turkish foreign policy was guided by the goal of remaining part of the Western community of states throughout the Cold War and its immediate aftermath. Between 1999 and 2002, Turkish foreign policy became regionally more active, in a similar way to that of the EU, but produced few results. The period between 2003 and 2010, up to the Arab Spring, is identified as the ‘golden age’ of compatibility between Turkish and EU foreign policies. Turkey’s prevailing ethos of this period, i.e., relying on soft power and cooperation with neighbors, was generally in line with the EU’s foreign policy approach. Since 2011, divergences between the EU and Turkey have increased, in particular with regard to Syria, Cyprus, and the Eastern Mediterranean. As Turkey defined its norms and interests differently from the EU, its rate of alignment with the EU’s CFSP decreased remarkably. The chapter concludes by looking to the future, arguing that cooperation between the EU and Turkey is likely to focus on issues where there is strong compatibility in selected areas only, such as pandemics, counterterrorism, migration, and energy, and will be primarily based on ad hoc mechanisms.

9. The EU as a Global Actor

2018 ◽  
pp. 193-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Peterson ◽  
Niklas Helwig
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Development ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Eu Foreign Policy ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Single Voice ◽  
Eu Policies ◽  
The Eu

The European Union’s ambitions to be a global power are a surprising by-product of European integration. Students of European foreign policy mostly focus on EU trade, aid, and the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). But the national foreign policy activities of its member states cannot be neglected. On most economic issues, the EU is able to speak with a genuinely single voice. It has more difficulty showing solidarity on aid policy but is powerful when it does. The Union’s external policy aspirations now extend to traditional foreign and security policy. But distinct national policies persist, and the EU suffers from fragmented leadership. The chapter begins by considering the development of EU foreign policy and then considers how a national system of foreign policies exists alongside EU policies in the area of trade and international development. It then examines the EU’s CFSP and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

scholarly journals China's Foreign- and Security-policy Decision-making Processes under Hu Jintao

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Since 1979, foreign- and security-policy-making and implementation processes have gradually and substantially changed. New modes of operation that have consolidated under Hu Jintao, actually took shape under Jiang Zemin in the 1990s, and some, under Deng Xiaoping. While the military's role has diminished, that of diplomats, experts, and bureaucracies dealing with trade, international economic relations, energy, propaganda and education has increased. Decision making in this area has remained highly centralized and concentrated in the supreme leading bodies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, China's globalization and decentralization, as well as the increasing complexity of its international interests, have intensified the need to better coordinate the activities of the various CCP and state organs involved in foreign and security policy; hence, the growing importance of the CCP leading small groups (foreign affairs, national security, Taiwan, etc.). But the rigidity of the current institutional pattern has so far foiled repeated attempts to establish a National Security Council.

scholarly journals The Party Politics of Foreign and Security Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapio Raunio ◽  
Wolfgang Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The positions of political parties in various foreign policy questions and how such ideological stances matter in foreign and security policy decision-making remain largely unexplored beyond the specific case of the United States. Reviewing the “state of the art” in foreign policy analysis and comparative politics, this introductory article discusses the changing nature of both international politics and party systems and cleavages in Europe and beyond. It puts forward reasons why we should see different patterns of coalitions and party behavior in security policy, on the one hand, and in international trade and foreign aid, on the other hand. The articles in this Special Issue have been deliberately chosen to capture different elements of “partyness,” from analyzing party positions to actual behavior by legislatures and governments to transnational party networks. Our main argument is that there are genuine ideological differences between political parties and that the impact of these competing ideologies is also discernible in foreign policy decision-making.

scholarly journals Great Britain in European External and Security Policy: Review of Western Historiography

2017 ◽  
pp. 8-38
Author(s):  
Andrii Hrubinko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Historiography ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the achievements of Western historical science in research of the problem of Britain’s participation in the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy. The author classified scientific publications into three groups: 1) general works on the history of formation the EU’s CFSP; 2) publications on the history of participation the United Kingdom in European integration as a direction of European foreign policy of the state; 3) works, which devoted specifically to the topic of British participation in European foreign and security policy. The results of monitoring the leading foreign scientific publications, the most frequently published materials on European integration and European policy of the United Kingdom are presented. A list of leading scientific centers for the research of the identified issues is also presented. The historical experience of British involvement in the formation and implementation of the EU’s CFSP in Western historiography is mainly covered in general context of the British government’s position on European integration. It was stated that the United Kingdom’s participation in the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union was included in the list topics of research of European (including British) and American scientists, but remains poorly developed. Major scientific developments by European continental and British researchers are presented. Instead, in American historiography, these issues, especially Britain’s role in the CFSP, haven’t been adequately researched. In British historiography, there is a marked opposition between the “Euro-skeptic” and “Euro-optimistic” (pro-European) paradigms. In the published works the analysis of theoretical and conceptual principles, strategic approaches of British governments to the foreign policy component of European integration prevails at different stages of its development. In all three historiographic groups preference is given to research the history of military-political cooperation within the EU, development of ESDP / CSDP. The issues of British participation in the EU CFSP in the period of D. Cameron’s government (2010-2016), practical foreign policy activities of the Community remain insufficiently researched. The topics of the role of British governments in shaping and developing the Eastern European policy of the EU and the Neighborhood policy remain though basically unexplored.

Lithuania’s Foreign Policy Under the Eastern Partnership Programme in 2009–2014: From Small State Policy Tto Smart State Strategy

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Maksimas Milta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Small State ◽  
Eastern Partnership ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
State Strategy

Abstract The article addresses Lithuania’s foreign policy vis-à-vis the Eastern Partnership programme in 2009-2014 from the perspective of small states’ abilities to influence decision making processes within the European Union. The author aims at revealing the puzzle of Lithuania’s marginal capacities of absolute power being disproportional to the output of its foreign policy towards implementation of the Eastern Partnership programme and hence utilising “smart state strategy” conceptualised by Anders Wivel. The novelty of the study rests on expansion of applying the smart state strategy towards the post-negotiation stage of the policy implementation. The article contributes to the debate over the applicability of the “smart state strategy” approach towards the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union, by arguing that Lithuania’s foreign policy vis-à-vis the Eastern Partnership programme in 2009-2014 does indeed serve as an example of such behaviour, however recognising Lithuania’s initial shift from utilising “small state policy” to “smart state strategy”.

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