B. Further empirical research and interpretations of interest groups

2015 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Andrei Hesse
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research

Interest Groups and Criminal Law: The Case of Federal Criminal Code Revision

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ann Stolz
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy

Although the role played by interest groups in public policy formation has been well documented, systemic empirical research on their impact on criminal justice policy is missing. To begin to fill this gap in the literature this article addresses the following questions: Who has attempted to influence federal criminal code revision efforts? Which groups did participants perceive to be influential? What techniques and situational factors enhanced a group's ability to influence the legislation successfully?

Interest Groups and Communist Politics Revisited

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gordon Skilling
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Group Activity ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Use Of Models

Empirical research has demonstrated the utility of an interest group approach for the study of Soviet politics, as well as for interpreting the politics of tsarist Russia and Eastern European communist systems and the dissident movements. The flowering of group activity in Poland and Czechoslovakia at certain times and the activity of dissent movements show, however, the rudimentary character of “normal” interest groups in the Soviet Union and elsewhere. Although the Soviet system has changed since Stalin's death, it remains fundamentally authoritarian in character. The use of models, such as totalitarian, authoritarian, bureaucratic, corporatist, and pluralist, hinders rather than facilitates an understanding of Soviet politics and of the place of interest groups in that system.

scholarly journals „Underwater Reefs” of Democracy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teimuraz Kareli
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Functional Autonomy

The aim of the article is to discuss the problems of transition from autocraty to democracy. The author analyzing so called “underwater reefs” of democracy marks our internal and extremal dilemmas: oligarchy, self-elimination, “cycling” in politics, functional autonomy, interdependence. The article especially underlines and describes those terma which define the weakness of democracy in the process of transformation: Avolding difficult decisions by politicians due to pressure from interest groups or fear of losing the election Exercising the freedom gained by democracy by interest groups, lobbyists who seek to raise more funds through tax or budget subsidies manipulating very impotant problems for the country as a tool of political struggle failure to keep promises, especially during elections dividing democracy into common and local spheres competent, application structure of the state administration. It also confirms the idea that to elaborate and to carry out of effective political course is available only on the basis of serious empirical research of those problems discussed in the article and the results of these researches.

scholarly journals The Political Economy of International Organizations

2019 ◽  
pp. 606-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Dreher ◽  
Valentin F. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The Political ◽  
Empirical Reality ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
The Impact

The chapter reviews the literature on the political economy of international organizations (IOs). Considering IOs as products of the preferences of various actors rather than monolithic entities, the authors focus on national politicians, international bureaucrats, interest groups, and voters. By looking into the details of decision-making in IOs, the literature shows that a focus on states as the prime actors in IOs overlooks important facets of the empirical reality. Mainly focusing on empirical research, the authors discuss the four main actors involved and examine how they influence, use, and shape IOs. They find that IO behavior often reflects the interests of politicians, bureaucrats, and interest groups, while the impact of voters is limited. The final section reviews proposals for reforms addressing this weak representation of voter preferences.

scholarly journals Impact of implementing controlling on enterprise employees

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04010
Author(s):  
Jarmila Klementová ◽  
Zuzana Stroková
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Given

Implementing controlling into business practice is a difficult, long-term and complex process that is unique for each enterprise. It is affected by various psychological factors that evoked positive and negative emotions in owners, managers and employees. The main objective of this paper is to identify key psychological factors, emotions and barriers affecting employees during implementing controlling into business practice. The empirical research into the given problem was conducted by the questioning method in a form of questionnaire. In order to evaluate the research results, the descriptive, graphical, and mathematic-statistical methods were used. Based of the findings, a concept was proposed to put emphasis on the key psychological aspects of the enterprise employees during implementation of this tool. The proposed concept could become a support tool for company owners and managers to eliminating negative emotions and evoking positive emotions in employees during the process of implementation and enforcement of controlling into the enterprise, ensuring that this tool is fully functional and, accepted by all internal interest groups.

The size and shape of the Italian interest system between the 1980s and the present day

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Lizzi ◽  
Andrea Pritoni
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Group Research ◽  
Politically Active ◽  
Demographic Features

Within interest group research, scholars following the population ecology perspective mainly look at the demographic features of populations and systems under scrutiny: density and diversity represent the main dimensions investigated. Even though, in recent years, an impressive amount of literature on this topic has been produced, there has been neither systematic analysis of, nor empirical research into, the Italian interest system so far. This article aims to address this lacuna. Following a diachronic perspective, we count how many politically active groups have populated the Italian interest system with regard to two different periods: 1984–88 and 2010–14. From 1984 to 2014 the number of interest groups almost doubled and the density of the system greatly increased; diversity, however, has remained relatively more stable.

Selecting the Optimal FM System for Children With Cochlear Implants

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Erin C. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech Processor ◽  
System Input ◽  
Optimal Type

Children who use cochlear implants experience significant difficulty hearing speech in the presence of background noise, such as in the classroom. To address these difficulties, audiologists often recommend frequency-modulated (FM) systems for children with cochlear implants. The purpose of this article is to examine current empirical research in the area of FM systems and cochlear implants. Discussion topics will include selecting the optimal type of FM receiver, benefits of binaural FM-system input, importance of DAI receiver-gain settings, and effects of speech-processor programming on speech recognition. FM systems significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio at the child's ear through the use of three types of FM receivers: mounted speakers, desktop speakers, or direct-audio input (DAI). This discussion will aid audiologists in making evidence-based recommendations for children using cochlear implants and FM systems.

The Impact of Visual Feedback Type on the Mastery of Visuo-Motor Transformations

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Sülzenbrück
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Closed Loop Control ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Impact

For the effective use of modern tools, the inherent visuo-motor transformation needs to be mastered. The successful adjustment to and learning of these transformations crucially depends on practice conditions, particularly on the type of visual feedback during practice. Here, a review about empirical research exploring the influence of continuous and terminal visual feedback during practice on the mastery of visuo-motor transformations is provided. Two studies investigating the impact of the type of visual feedback on either direction-dependent visuo-motor gains or the complex visuo-motor transformation of a virtual two-sided lever are presented in more detail. The findings of these studies indicate that the continuous availability of visual feedback supports performance when closed-loop control is possible, but impairs performance when visual input is no longer available. Different approaches to explain these performance differences due to the type of visual feedback during practice are considered. For example, these differences could reflect a process of re-optimization of motor planning in a novel environment or represent effects of the specificity of practice. Furthermore, differences in the allocation of attention during movements with terminal and continuous visual feedback could account for the observed differences.

Which Data to Meta-Analyze, and How?

2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Voracek ◽  
Michael Kossmeier ◽  
Ulrich S. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Graphical Displays ◽  
Primary Data Analysis ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Data Analytic

Abstract. Which data to analyze, and how, are fundamental questions of all empirical research. As there are always numerous flexibilities in data-analytic decisions (a “garden of forking paths”), this poses perennial problems to all empirical research. Specification-curve analysis and multiverse analysis have recently been proposed as solutions to these issues. Building on the structural analogies between primary data analysis and meta-analysis, we transform and adapt these approaches to the meta-analytic level, in tandem with combinatorial meta-analysis. We explain the rationale of this idea, suggest descriptive and inferential statistical procedures, as well as graphical displays, provide code for meta-analytic practitioners to generate and use these, and present a fully worked real example from digit ratio (2D:4D) research, totaling 1,592 meta-analytic specifications. Specification-curve and multiverse meta-analysis holds promise to resolve conflicting meta-analyses, contested evidence, controversial empirical literatures, and polarized research, and to mitigate the associated detrimental effects of these phenomena on research progress.

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