scholarly journals Current Status of the Mollicute (Mycoplasma) Lung Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, Treatment and Prevention

10.5772/29723 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Giono-Cerezo ◽  
Guadalupe Estrada-Gutirrez ◽  
Jos Antonio ◽  
Jorge Antonio ◽  
Francisco Javier
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

scholarly journals Lassa Fever: Viral Replication, Disease Pathogenesis, and Host Immune Modulations

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Hinh Ly
Keyword(s):  
Lassa Fever ◽  
West African ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Made In

Despite major discoveries made in the last few decades about Lassa fever, there are still many unresolved key issues that hamper the development of effective vaccines and therapies against this deadly disease that is endemic in several West African countries. Some of these issues include the lack of a detailed understanding of the viral and participating host factors in completing the virus life cycle, in mediating disease pathogenesis or protection from disease, and in activating or suppressing host innate and cellular immunity against virus infection, as well as of the animal models required for testing vaccines and therapeutics. This Special Issue is devoted to understanding some of these important issues and to exploring the current status of the research and development in combating Lassa fever.

scholarly journals Visceral Leishmaniasis in China: an Endemic Disease under Control

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Rong Lun ◽  
Ming-Shui Wu ◽  
Yun-Fu Chen ◽  
Jun-Yun Wang ◽  
Xiao-Nong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Special Value ◽  
The Government

SUMMARYVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused byLeishmaniaspp. is an important vector-borne and largely zoonotic disease. In China, three epidemiological types of VL have been described: anthroponotic VL (AVL), mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), and desert-type ZVL (DT-ZVL). These are transmitted by four different sand fly species:Phlebotomus chinensis,P. longiductus,P. wui, andP. alexandri.In 1951, a detailed survey of VL showed that it was rampant in the vast rural areas west, northwest, and north of the Yangtze River. Control programs were designed and implemented stringently by the government at all administrative levels, resulting in elimination of the disease from most areas of endemicity, except the western and northwestern regions. The control programs consisted of (i) diagnosis and chemotherapy of patients, (ii) identification, isolation, and disposal of infected dogs, and (iii) residual insecticide indoor spraying for vector control. The success of the control programs is attributable to massive and effective mobilization of the general public and health workers to the cause. Nationally, the annual incidence is now very low, i.e., only 0.03/100,000 according to the available 2011 official record. The overwhelming majority of cases are reported from sites of endemicity in the western and northwestern regions. Here, we describe in some depth and breadth the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease, with particular reference to the control programs. Pertinent information has been assembled from scattered literature of the past decades in different languages that are not readily accessible to the scientific community. The information provided constitutes an integral part of our knowledge on leishmaniasis in the global context and will be of special value to those interested in control programs.

scholarly journals A Developmental Role of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease Pathogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena N. Huang ◽  
Henry Quach ◽  
Jin-A Lee ◽  
Joshua Dierolf ◽  
Theo J. Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Cftr Protein

The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is a cAMP-activated anion channel that is critical for regulating fluid and ion transport across the epithelium. This process is disrupted in CF epithelia, and patients harbouring CF-causing mutations experience reduced lung function as a result, associated with the increased rate of mortality. Much progress has been made in CF research leading to treatments that improve CFTR function, including small molecule modulators. However, clinical outcomes are not necessarily mutation-specific as individuals harboring the same genetic mutation may present with varying disease manifestations and responses to therapy. This suggests that the CFTR protein may have alternative functions that remain under-appreciated and yet can impact disease. In this mini review, we highlight some notable research implicating an important role of CFTR protein during early lung development and how mutant CFTR proteins may impact CF airway disease pathogenesis. We also discuss recent novel cell and animal models that can now be used to identify a developmental cause of CF lung disease.

scholarly journals Analysis of respiratory and systemic immune responses in COVID-19 reveals mechanisms of disease pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Szabo ◽  
Pranay Dogra ◽  
Joshua I. Gray ◽  
Steven B. Wells ◽  
Thomas J. Connors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
High Level Expression ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Function

SUMMARYImmune responses to respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 originate and function in the lung, yet assessments of human immunity are often limited to blood. Here, we conducted longitudinal, high-dimensional profiling of paired airway and blood samples from patients with severe COVID-19, revealing immune processes in the respiratory tract linked to disease pathogenesis. Survival from severe disease was associated with increased CD4+T cells and decreased monocyte/macrophage frequencies in the airway, but not in blood. Airway T cells and macrophages exhibited tissue-resident phenotypes and activation signatures, including high level expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractants CCL2 and CCL3 by airway macrophages. By contrast, monocytes in blood expressed the CCL2-receptor CCR2 and aberrant CD163+ and immature phenotypes. Extensive accumulation of CD163+monocyte/macrophages within alveolar spaces in COVID-19 lung autopsies suggested recruitment from circulation. Our findings provide evidence that COVID-19 pathogenesis is driven by respiratory immunity, and rationale for site-specific treatment and prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Tanzania: Current Status and Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semvua B. Kilonzo ◽  
Daniel W. Gunda ◽  
Bonaventura C. T. Mpondo ◽  
Fatma A. Bakshi ◽  
Hyasinta Jaka
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Management Challenge

Hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world with high prevalence in most of sub-Saharan Africa countries. The complexity in its diagnosis and treatment poses a significant management challenge in the resource-limited settings including Tanzania, where most of the tests and drugs are either unavailable or unaffordable. This mini review aims at demonstrating the current status of the disease in the country and discussing the concomitant challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

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