scholarly journals Review of Social Challenges of Heterosexual Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Ikwaras Okware
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Major Mode ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Hiv Aids

This Chapter reviews and discusses the experiences of Uganda and the lessons learnt during the successful implementation of its HIV/AIDS Control Program. The major mode of transmission was by the heterosexual route. Control measures thus emphasized behavior change and sexual discipline that promoted faithfulness and monogamous sexual relationships. This chapter examines the factors responsible for the positive outcomes in the implementation of the national AIDS control strategy. The review is based on literature, reports and personal experience. The Uganda Program AIDS in the Ministry of Health (MOH) was one of the earliest AIDS Control Programs in the world. A cumulative total of nearly 2 million people have been infected since the onset of the outbreak in 1982. Some one million HIV related deaths also occurred. When the National AIDS Control Program was initially rolled out in the country there was no cure and the disease was like a death sentence. The available evidence then demonstrated heterosexual transmission as the major mode of spread. Interventions based on the promotion of Abstinence, Being faithful, and Condom use (ABC strategy) were the main components of the strategy in the public campaigns. This complex disease also impacted society and the social fabric deeply. The activities were expanded to include the socio and economic dimensions of HIV/AIDS. Later on the combination strategy integrating biomedical and social behavior change strategies offered new and more encompassing opportunities. The introduction of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) and availability of simplified tests for detection of the viral load status improved treatment and restored hope. Social support and programs for reduction of stigma opened up participation by people living with HIV/AIDS. A community based intersectoral and decentralized strategy reached every village and assured community engagement and involvement. Drastic and steady declines in prevalence and incidence followed. Cases have been declining steadily and prevalence and incidence rates continue to drop and reverse the HIV status in the country. Community Engagement strategy to promote monogamous sexual behavior and the introduction of the highly active retroviral treatment significantly consolidated to the successful outcomes.

scholarly journals Prospective Study of Serological Conversion as a Risk Factor for Development of Leprosy among Household Contacts

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Douglas ◽  
R. V. Cellona ◽  
T. T. Fajardo ◽  
R. M. Abalos ◽  
M. V. F. Balagon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
Infectious Form ◽  
Multibacillary Leprosy

ABSTRACT Although the prevalence of leprosy has declined over the years, there is no evidence that incidence rates are falling. A method of early detection of those people prone to develop the most infectious form of leprosy would contribute to breaking the chain of transmission. Prophylactic treatment of serologically identified high-risk contacts of incident patients should be an operationally feasible approach for routine control programs. In addition, classification of high-risk household contacts will allow control program resources to be more focused. In this prospective study, we examined the ability of serology used for the detection of antibodies to phenolic glycolipid I of Mycobacterium leprae to identify those household contacts of multibacillary leprosy patients who had the highest risk of developing leprosy. After the start of multidrug therapy for the index case, a new case of leprosy developed in one in seven of the 178 households studied. In households where new cases appeared, the seropositivity rates were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those in households without new cases. Seropositive household contacts had a significantly higher risk of developing leprosy (relative hazard adjusted for age and sex [aRH], 7.2), notably multibacillary leprosy (aRH = 24), than seronegative contacts.

scholarly journals What makes or breaks higher education community engagement in the South African rural school context: A multiple-partner perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Gabriel Machimana ◽  
Maximus Monaheng Sefotho ◽  
Liesel Ebersöhn
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Service Learning ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
School Context ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Multiple Partner ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Education Community ◽  
Wide Range

The purpose of this study is to inform global citizenship practice as a higher education agenda by comparing the retrospective experiences of a range of community engagement partners and including often silent voices of non-researcher partners. Higher education–community engagement aims to contribute to social justice as it constructs and transfers new knowledge from the perspectives of a wide range of community engagement partners. This qualitative secondary analysis study was framed theoretically by the transformative–emancipatory paradigm. Existing case data, generated on retrospective experiences of community engagement partners in a long-term community engagement partnership, were conveniently sampled to analyse and compare a range of community engagement experiences ( parents of student clients ( n = 12: females 10, males 2), teachers from the partner rural school ( n = 18: females 12, males 6), student-educational psychology clients ( n = 31: females 14, males 17), Academic Service-Learning ( ASL) students ( n = 20: females 17, males 3) and researchers ( n = 12: females 11, males 1). Following thematic in-case and cross-case analysis, it emerged that all higher education–community engagement partners experienced that socio-economic challenges (defined as rural school adversities, include financial, geographic and social challenges) are addressed when an higher education–community engagement partnership exists, but that particular operational challenges (communication barriers, time constraints, workload and unclear scope, inconsistent feedback, as well as conflicting expectations) hamper higher education–community engagement partnership. A significant insight from this study is that a range of community engagement partners experience similar challenges when a university and rural school partner. All community engagement partners experienced that higher education–community engagement is challenged by the structural disparity between the rural context and operational miscommunication.

Synthesis of the process of training of technological commands and auxiliary operations of cyclic electro-automatics when programming multipurpose equipment in the complex of operating systems CNC and PLC

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
YU.N. Kurnasov E.V. Bugrov ◽  
E.V. Kurnasov
Keyword(s):  
Operating Systems ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Technological Equipment ◽  
Cnc Machine ◽  
Graphical Programming ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
G Code ◽  
The Subject

A method for preparing technological conditions for programming and elements for implementing control programs of multipurpose technological equipment in the complex of operating systems of the CNC and PLC are proposed. The subject solution effectively combines the elements of parametric and graphical programming in the development of both CNC and PLC subprograms. Keywords: control program, algorithmic programming, G-code, numerical control device, programmable logic controller, electroautomatics, technological equipment, CNC machine. [email protected]

scholarly journals Evaluation the Pulmonary Tuberculosis Control Program with Strategy DOTS in Puskesmas Tanah Kalikedinding Surabaya

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Adistha Eka Noveyani ◽  
Santi Martini
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Tuberculosis Patient ◽  
Tuberculosis Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Inhibiting Factor ◽  
Rate Evaluation ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACTStrategy DOTS is the tuberculosis control programs. The program has implemented in Tanah Kalikedinding Health Center and has expected to reach CDR ≥ 70% and SR ≥ 85%, which closely related to the management of health centers. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the DOTS program in health center whose the results associated with indicators of tuberculosis. This was a descriptive design study with the population was all pulmonary specialist, tuberculosis officers and laboratory personnel and pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The number of Tuberculosis patient respondents was 32 respondents. Samples were chosen using purposive sampling. Data collected by interview questionnaire and checklist. The variables were the finding case, the TB treatment, the enabling factor and inhibiting factor, recording and reporting, and result of tuberculosis indicators. This study resulted that CDR in 2013 was 112% already reached the national target ≥ 70%. This success related to the finding case almost all patients > 2 weeks of cought and all (100%) patients were examinated sputum and diagnosed according to the steps of tuberculosis diagnosis in Indonesia Department of Health guidelines. While SR in 2013 was 65.5% did not reach the target ≥ 85%. It was caused of there are patients who did not have a taking drug observer (PMO). All (100%) patients ever forgot taking anti tuberculosis drugs. Change in schedule of visit to the continuation phase be 2×/month caused patients to forget taking anti tuberculosis drugs. The enabling factor was counseling routinely by health care workers in health center. Inhibiting factor was distance to health center by majority (65,5%) patients were > 1 km. So they needed vehicle to go to the health center. Recording and reporting using electronic systems and being reported by online. So it is expected all TB patients were expected have a taking drug observer and optimizing the role of the a taking drug observer to increase success rate.Keywords: DOTS strategy, Case Detection Rate, Success Rate, evaluation,                     Tuberculosis

scholarly journals Demographic Features of Identified PLWHA Infected through Commercial and Nonmarital Noncommercial Heterosexual Contact in China from 2015 – 2018: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilong Dong ◽  
Liying Ma ◽  
Chang Cai ◽  
George Fu Gao ◽  
Fan Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Heterosexual Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background:Understanding the demographic characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) infected through commercial heterosexual contact (CHC) or nonmarital noncommercial heterosexual contact (NMNCHC) is important for HIV/AIDS prevention and control.Methods:Cases reported through the Chinese HIV/AIDS Case Reporting System (CRS) from 2015 to 2018 were analyzed. A descriptive and preliminary inferential analysis were performed for those demographic characteristics deemed of interest.Results:Overall, 523,121 identified PLWHA between 2015 and 2018 in the CRS were analyzed. The constituent ratio of heterosexual transmission increased from 66.25% in 2015 to 71.48% in 2018. The proportion of CHC heterosexual transmission decreased from 40.18% in 2015 to 37.99% in 2018, while that of NMNCHC increased from 46.33% in 2015 to 49.02% in 2018. PLWHA infected through NMNCHC were significantly younger than those who were infected through CHC (Student’s t test, P<0.0001), with an average age gap ranging from 5.63 (2015) to 7.46 (2018) years, and the average age of both groups increased annually. The frequency of newly identified PLWHA who were infected through CHC had a remarkable increase among the ages of 65 and above. Gender distribution was significantly different between CHC and NMNCHC (χ2 = 8909.00(2015), 9941.90(2016), 11004.00 (2017), 12836.00(2018), all P < 0.0001), and the ratio of men to women in the NMCHC group was 1.50:1 (2015), 1.51:1 (2016), 1.54:1 (2017), and 1.52:1 (2018), while in the commercial heterosexual contact (CHC) group, these ratios were 11.45:1 (2015), 12.08:1 (2016), 12.53:1 (2017), and 13.28:1 (2018). Marital status was significantly different between CHC and NMNCHC (χ2 = 94.67 (2015), 109.88(2016), 58.18(2017), 152.38(2018), all P < 0.0001). As the educational level improved, the proportion of NMNCHC also increased (Cochran - Armitage test, P<0.0001).Conclusions:We found that heterosexual transmission was the primary mode of HIV transmission in China from 2015 to 2018. PLWHA infected through CHC and NMNCHC had different characteristics in age, gender, marital status, and educational level. The frequency of PLWHA infected through CHC increased substantially in the age group of 65 and above. This study provides useful baseline data for future studies on the heterosexual transmission of HIV in China.

scholarly journals Optimization of control program for CNC machines with regarding dynamic stability of cutting process and optimum modes of treatment in conditions of digital production

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Yuri G. Kabaldin ◽  
Dmitrii A. Shatagin ◽  
Pavel V. Kolchin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Cutting Process ◽  
Cnc Machines ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
Optimizing Control

The method for optimizing control programs for CNC machines based on artificial intelligence approaches, in particular, the apparatus of artificial neural networks, is outlined. A neural network model of the dynamic stability of the cutting process is proposed, which makes it possible to simulate the dynamics of the cutting process using the CAM system.

Interlaboratory Comparison of Lead and Cadmium in Blood, Urine, and Aqueous Solutions

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1797-1800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poul-Erik Paulev ◽  
Poul Solgaard ◽  
Jens Christian Tjell
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Interlaboratory Comparison ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Quality Control Program ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Biological Liquids

Abstract Analysis for lead and cadmium in biological liquids (blood and urine) is difficult. Results of such analyses from five laboratories are compared for samples with known additions of lead and cadmium. The data, evaluated in terms of inter- and intralaboratory reproducibility and accuracy, suggest that laboratories should voluntarily participate in quality control programs. Users of routine laboratories are advised to use their own quality control program.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document