scholarly journals Leptin and Female Reproductive Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shyam Pyari Jaiswar ◽  
Apala Priyadarshini
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Food Intake Regulation

Leptin is a peptide hormone, secreted primarily by the adipose tissue, placenta being the second leptin-producing tissue in humans. Apart from playing an integral role in food intake regulation and energy balance, leptin is an important signalling molecule affecting human reproduction. Accumulated evidence suggests that leptin has potential roles in the regulation of GnRH and LH secretion, puberty, pregnancy, and lactation. Deregulation of leptin levels has been associated with several reproductive disorders including infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This chapter illustrates the importance of leptin in female reproductive health, its role in the metabolic regulation of reproductive axis and its eventual pathophysiological implications in prevalent reproductive disorders.

Clinical Translational Studies of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tia Hunjan ◽  
Ali Abbara
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Pulse Generation ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Neurokinin B ◽  
Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism ◽  
Hot Flush ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

AbstractKisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that are vital for reproductive health. An absence of either kisspeptin or NKB signaling results in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and a failure to proceed through puberty. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated potential avenues for the clinical utility of medications that act through these pathways in the assessment and treatment of reproductive disorders. Kisspeptin acts to stimulate hypothalamic gonadotrophic-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus. Kisspeptin induces gonadotrophin secretion in both healthy men and women, and in women with reproductive disorders such as hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA). Kisspeptin-based treatments hold promise for use during in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment; a bolus of kisspeptin-54 induces an LH surge of 12 to 14 hours of duration sufficient to induce oocyte maturation, but with markedly reduced rates of the most significant complication of IVF treatment, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Kisspeptin could also be used chronically to restore reproductive health in patients with functional hypogonadism, such as those with HA. Furthermore, kisspeptin has potential as a diagnostic test of hypothalamic function; a “kisspeptin test” could be used in children with delayed puberty to identify the subset with genetically determined deficits in hypothalamic pathways (congenital hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism [CHH]). In addition to its role in hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation, NKB plays a critical role in the occurrence of one of the most troubling symptoms of the menopause, the “hot flush.” Neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) antagonists are highly effective as treatments for hot flushes in postmenopausal women, with several compounds now in late-phase development. Furthermore, NK3R antagonism leads to a reduction in LH secretion by reducing GnRH pulsatility in the hypothalamus and has been shown to reduce androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (in whom GnRH pulsatility is often increased). In summary, although further detailed evaluation in several clinical settings is ongoing, medications based on kisspeptin and NKB pathways have prodigious potential in the assessment and treatment of reproductive disorders.

The Double Whammy of Obesity and Diabetes on Female Reproductive Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor P. Thong ◽  
Christy Burden
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

AbstractThe rising global prevalence of obesity and diabetes, especially in youth, confers substantial metabolic consequences and increased mortality in affected individuals. While obesity is strongly tied to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, emerging evidence shows that obesity rates are also increasing exponentially in those with type 1 diabetes, contributing to insulin resistance and cardiometabolic sequelae. In addition, both obesity and diabetes can exert adverse effects on female reproductive health independently, with the presence of both conditions likely to exacerbate reproductive dysfunction in this cohort. If the current trends in obesity and diabetes incidence persist, it is likely that more women will be at risk of obesity- and diabetes-related reproductive disorders. This review aims to describe the epidemiology and mechanisms of obesity in women with diabetes, and summarize current literature regarding reproductive disorders in diabetes and weight management strategies in this cohort.

scholarly journals Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 3359-3379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna K. L. Johansson ◽  
Pauliina Damdimopoulou ◽  
Majorie B. M. van Duursen ◽  
Julie Boberg ◽  
Delphine Franssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Adverse Outcome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Adverse Outcome Pathway ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health

Abstract Modern living challenges female reproductive health. We are witnessing a rise in reproductive disorders and drop in birth rates across the world. The reasons for these manifestations are multifaceted and most likely include continuous exposure to an ever-increasing number of chemicals. The cause–effect relationships between chemical exposure and female reproductive disorders, however, have proven problematic to determine. This has made it difficult to assess the risks chemical exposures pose to a woman’s reproductive development and function. To address this challenge, this review uses the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept to summarize current knowledge about how chemical exposure can affect female reproductive health. We have a special focus on effects on the ovaries, since they are essential for lifelong reproductive health in women, being the source of both oocytes and several reproductive hormones, including sex steroids. The AOP framework is widely accepted as a new tool for toxicological safety assessment that enables better use of mechanistic knowledge for regulatory purposes. AOPs equip assessors and regulators with a pragmatic network of linear cause–effect relationships, enabling the use of a wider range of test method data in chemical risk assessment and regulation. Based on current knowledge, we propose ten putative AOPs relevant for female reproductive disorders that can be further elaborated and potentially be included in the AOPwiki. This effort is an important step towards better safeguarding the reproductive health of all girls and women.

scholarly journals Involvement of Novel Adipokines, Chemerin, Visfatin, Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Estienne ◽  
Alice Bongrani ◽  
Maxime Reverchon ◽  
Christelle Ramé ◽  
Pierre-Henri Ducluzeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Uterine Growth ◽  
Endocrine Factors ◽  
Intra Uterine Growth Retardation

It is well known that adipokines are endocrine factors that are mainly secreted by white adipose tissue. Their central role in energy metabolism is currently accepted. More recently, their involvement in fertility regulation and the development of some reproductive disorders has been suggested. Data concerning the role of leptin and adiponectin, the two most studied adipokines, in the control of the reproductive axis are consistent. In recent years, interest has grown about some novel adipokines, chemerin, visfatin, resistin and apelin, which have been found to be strongly associated with obesity and insulin-resistance. Here, we will review their expression and role in male and female reproduction in humans and animal models. According to accumulating evidence, they could regulate the secretion of GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone), gonadotropins and steroids. Furthermore, their expression and that of their receptors (if known), has been demonstrated in the human and animal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Like leptin and adiponectin, these novel adipokines could thus represent metabolic sensors that are able to regulate reproductive functions according to energy balance changes. Therefore, after investigating their role in normal fertility, we will also discuss their possible involvement in some reproductive troubles known to be associated with features of metabolic syndrome, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation in women, and sperm abnormalities and testicular pathologies in men.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Laure Barbotin ◽  
Maëliss Peigné ◽  
Samuel Andrew Malone ◽  
Paolo Giacobini
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Control ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis ◽  
Initial Discovery ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Paradigm Shifting ◽  
Traditional Roles

Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, research into the physiological actions of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), from its eponymous role in male developmental biology to its routine clinical use in female reproductive health, has undergone a paradigm shifting change. With several exciting studies recently reporting hitherto unforeseen AMH actions at all levels in the hypogonadal-pituitary-gonadal axis, the importance of this hormone for both hypothalamic and pituitary reproductive control is finding increasing support and significance. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known about the traditional roles and biology of AMH and how this could be integrated with new findings of AMH actions at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. We also synthesize the important findings from these new studies and discuss their potential impact and significance to our understanding of one of the most common reproductive disorders currently affecting women, polycystic ovary syndrome.

Gestational exposure to Δ9-THC impacts ovarian follicular dynamics and angiogenesis in adulthood in Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Annia A. Martínez-Peña ◽  
Kendrick Lee ◽  
James J. Petrik ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
Alison C. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Angiogenic Factor ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Gestational Exposure ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

Abstract With the legalization of marijuana (Cannabis sativa) and increasing use during pregnancy, it is important to understand its impact on exposed offspring. Specifically, the effects of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major psychoactive component of cannabis, on fetal ovarian development and long-term reproductive health are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of prenatal exposure to Δ9-THC on ovarian health in adult rat offspring. At 6 months of age, Δ9-THC-exposed offspring had accelerated folliculogenesis with apparent follicular development arrest, but no persistent effects on circulating steroid levels. Ovaries from Δ9-THC-exposed offspring had reduced blood vessel density in association with decreased expression of the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF and its receptor VEGFR-2, as well as an increase in the anti-angiogenic factor thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1). Collectively, these data suggest that exposure to Δ9-THC during pregnancy alters follicular dynamics during postnatal life, which may have long-lasting detrimental effects on female reproductive health.

Therapeutic importance of Zishen Yutai Pill on the female reproductive health: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 114523
Author(s):  
Kannan Maharajan ◽  
Qing Xia ◽  
Xiuying Duan ◽  
Pengfei Tu ◽  
Yun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Female Reproductive Health

scholarly journals Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Reproductive Health in Boys and Men

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiwat Rodprasert ◽  
Jorma Toppari ◽  
Helena E. Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Testicular Cancer ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Serum Testosterone Level ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Testicular Development ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Male reproductive health has declined as indicated by increasing rates of cryptorchidism, i.e., undescended testis, poor semen quality, low serum testosterone level, and testicular cancer. Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been proposed to have a role in this finding. In utero exposure to antiandrogenic EDCs, particularly at a sensitive period of fetal testicular development, the so-called ‘masculinization programming window (MPW)’, can disturb testicular development and function. Low androgen effect during the MPW can cause both short- and long-term reproductive disorders. A concurrent exposure to EDCs may also affect testicular function or damage testicular cells. Evidence from animal studies supports the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in development of male reproductive disorders. However, evidence from epidemiological studies is relatively mixed. In this article, we review the current literature that evaluated relationship between prenatal EDC exposures and anogenital distance, cryptorchidism, and congenital penile abnormality called hypospadias. We review also studies on the association between early life and postnatal EDC exposure and semen quality, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone levels and testicular cancer.

scholarly journals Characteristics of reproductive health of women in their generative age

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 44-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snezana Miljkovic ◽  
Dragoljub Djokic ◽  
Slavica Djukic-Dejanovic ◽  
Dejan Mitrasinovic ◽  
Gordana Grbic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Maternity Ward ◽  
Female Reproductive Health ◽  
Contraceptive Devices ◽  
Contraception Use ◽  
Components Method ◽  
Complex Term

Introduction. Any research of reproductive health has to encompass the relevant connotations of this complex term. In order to establish relevant multidimensional characteristics, it is necessary to assess intercorrelations of the characteristics most commonly used to describe it. Objective. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of reproductive health and to establish their significance in describing this term. Methods. Within the study of health of adult inhabitants of Serbia, on the sample of 2,817 women aged 20-49 years, the data on different reproductive health characteristics were collected by way of a structured questionnaire. By way of factorial analysis (principal components method, Kaisser Varimax criterion), representative characteristics (factors) were selected out of a large number of characteristics, describing reproductive health of women in a multidimensional way, interrelationships of the factors were explained, and carriers - the most important individual characteristics - were selected for further analysis. Results. The characteristics of female reproductive health in Serbia are poor, both from the health policy standpoint and in comparison with other countries. Reproductive health describes 7 relevant factors and their carriers (characteristics which best reflect the variability of characteristics involved in a factor). These involve sexual behaviour (self-assessed HIV infection risk), contraception (use of contraceptive devices on one?s own initiative), adequate protection of reproductive health (usage of gynaecological services even when healthy), abortions (pregnancy outcome), HIV control (HIV testing usage), postpartal protection (visits of field nurses after being discharged from maternity ward) and reproductive period (doctor visits after being discharged from maternity ward). Conclusion. All the characteristics of reproductive health used in various studies are not equally important in the description of this complex phenomenon. Factorial analysis can explain intercorrelations of the studied characteristics and make possible the selection of those most representative.

scholarly journals LAPAROSCOPY FOR THE RECOVERY OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Medvedevа ◽  
A. B. Khuraseva ◽  
K. S. Svyatchenko ◽  
T. A. Biryukova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovary Syndrome
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document