scholarly journals Laboratory Optimization Study of Sulfonation Reaction toward Lignin Isolated from Bagasse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Setiati ◽  
Septoratno Siregar ◽  
Deana Wahyuningrum
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Monomer Structure ◽  
Optimization Study ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Bagasse Fiber

Bagasse is scientifically defined as waste from the extraction of sugarcane liquid after the grinding process. Bagasse is biomass which is used as raw material to be processed into surfactants. Bagasse fiber cannot be dissolved in water because it consists mostly of cellulose, pentosane and lignin. The optimum conditions for obtaining the highest yield and the best conversion of bagasse to lignin were achieved when used 80 mesh bagasse and 3 M NaOH as a hydrolysis agent. Then lignin is reacted with 0.25 sodium bisulfite to the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate. Lignin and sodium lignosulfonate were further characterized using a FTIR spectrophotometer to determine the components contained therein. The lignin component consists of phenolic functional group elements, aliphatic and aromatic groups, ketone groups, aren functional groups, amine groups and alkyl groups along with standard lignin components. Likewise with lignosulfonates, with indicator components consisting of C═C alkenes, Sulfate S═O, C═O carboxylic acids and S-OR esters. The NMR test was resulted the monomer structure of SLS surfactant bagasse. The results indicate that the lignin isolation process from bagasse has been successfully. Likewise, the sulfonation of lignin to lignosulfonate is also successful.

Generation of Phosphoranyl Radicals via Photoredox Catalysis Enables Voltage–Independent Activation of Strong C–O Bonds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Stache ◽  
Alyssa B. Ertel ◽  
Tomislav Rovis ◽  
Abigail G. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Photoredox Catalysis ◽  
Acyl Radical ◽  
Synthetic Strategy ◽  
Acyl Radicals ◽  
Benzyl Radicals ◽  
Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids

Alcohols and carboxylic acids are ubiquitous functional groups found in organic molecules that could serve as radical precursors, but C–O bonds remain difficult to activate. We report a synthetic strategy for direct access to both alkyl and acyl radicals from these ubiquitous functional groups via photoredox catalysis. This method exploits the unique reactivity of phosphoranyl radicals, generated from a polar/SET crossover between a phosphine radical cation and an oxygen centered nucleophile. We first show the desired reactivity in the reduction of benzylic alcohols to the corresponding benzyl radicals with terminal H-atom trapping to afford the deoxygenated product. Using the same method, we demonstrate access to synthetically versatile acyl radicals which enables the reduction of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes with exceptional chemoselectivity. This protocol also transforms carboxylic acids to heterocycles and cyclic ketones via intramolecular acyl radical cyclizations to forge new C–O, C–N and C–C bonds in a single step.

scholarly journals Insights into the Intrinsic Factors Affecting the NIR Reflectance Based on Rylene Diimide Molecules

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5269
Author(s):  
Weili Zeng ◽  
Yujie Song ◽  
Jianning Zhang ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Amine Groups

A clear understanding of the relationships between molecular structure and NIR reflectance (700–2500 nm) behavior is important and highly desirable for developing appropriate NIR-reflective materials to combat NIR heat radiation from sunlight. In this research, three groups of imide-based compounds have been adopted to investigate the influence of the intrinsic molecular structures on the NIR-reflective properties. It is found out that for the compounds with alkyl groups, the NIR reflectance will increase as the degree of the conjugated backbone increases, especially for the reflectance from 1750 nm to 2500 nm. In addition, despite that the alkyl or amine groups deteriorate the NIR reflectance, the NIR reflectance varies within a certain interval and the isomers with branched alkyl groups show identical or smaller NIR reflectance than those of isomers with linear alkyl groups. For different compounds, crystallinity seems to almost have no relationship with their NIR reflectance.

scholarly journals Simultaneous removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution by double functional groups modified bagasse

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 2159-2167
Author(s):  
Ru-yi Zhou ◽  
Jun-xia Yu ◽  
Ru-an Chi
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Anionic Dyes ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Amine Groups ◽  
Modified Adsorbents ◽  
Zeta Potential Analysis

Abstract Double functional groups modified bagasse (DFMBs), a series of new zwitterionic groups of carboxyl and amine modified adsorbents, were prepared through grafting tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) onto the pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) modified bagasse using the DCC/DMAP method. DFMBs' ability to simultaneously remove basic magenta (BM, cationic dye) and Congo red (CR, anionic dye) from aqueous solution in single and binary dye systems was investigated. FTIR spectra and Zeta potential analysis results showed that PMDA and TEPA were successfully grafted onto the surface of bagasse, and the ratio of the amount of carboxyl groups and amine groups was controlled by the addition of a dosage of TEPA. Adsorption results showed that adsorption capacities of DFMBs for BM decreased while that for CR increased with the increase of the amount of TEPA in both single and binary dye systems, and BM or CR was absorbed on the modified biosorbents was mainly through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond. The adsorption for BM and CR could reach equilibrium within 300 min, both processes were fitted well by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The cationic and anionic dyes removal experiment in the binary system showed that DMFBs could be chosen as adsorbents to treat wastewater containing different ratios of cationic and anionic dyes.

scholarly journals Potential of Bagasse as Raw Material for Lignosulfonate Surfactant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Setiati ◽  
Aqlyna Fatahanissa ◽  
Shabrina Sri Riswati ◽  
Septoratno Siregar ◽  
Deana Wahyuningrum
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Lignosulfonate ◽  
Component Test ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Steam Boilers ◽  
Injection Mechanism ◽  
Petroleum Sector

Anionic surfactants are generally used in surfactant injections because they are good, resistant in storage and stable. Furthermore, Commercially, anions are produced in the form of carboxylates, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, or phosphonates. The surfactants used in the process of implementing Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are generally petroleum-based, such as Petroleum Sulfonate. Therefore, an increase in oil price, leads to an increase in the price of surfactant and the operational costs becomes relatively expensive. Lignosulfonate is a type of anionic surfactant which is made with lignin as raw material. This lignin is found in many plants, including wood stalks, plant leaves, peanut shells, corn cobs, bagasse, empty bunches of oil palm and wheat straw. Based on the results of previous studies, 25% of lignin component was discovered in bagasse. This may be a consideration that there is enough lignin in bagasse to be used as raw material in the production of lignosulfonate vegetable surfactants. Furthermore, lignin from bagasse is used because bagasse is easy to obtain, cheap and an environmental friendly vegetable waste. Currently, bagasse is only used as fuel in steam boilers and papermaking, cement and brick reinforcement, a source of animal feed, bioethanol, activated charcoal as adsorbent and compost fertilizer. This is a consideration to optimize the use of bagasse to become lignosulfonate as an alternative for surfactants in the petroleum sector. The purpose of this study is to show that lignin from bagasse has the potential of becoming a lignosulfonate surfactant. There are several studies that have processed bagasse into sodium lignosulfonate. The component test on the results showed that the surfactant component of sodium lignosulfonate from bagasse was almost the same as the commercial standard lignosulfonate component. Furthermore, the results of the HLB (Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance) value test show that the sodium lignosulfonate surfactant from bagasse can function as an emulsion form which is a required parameter for the surfactant injection mechanism. Based on the discussion of the study results, bagasse has the potential as a raw material to be processed into lignosulfonates.

The Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1689-1697 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Roomi ◽  
S. F. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ethyl Acetoacetate ◽  
Alkyl Group ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Hantzsch Synthesis ◽  
Butyl Esters ◽  
Alkyl Groups

Ethyl esters of 2-alkyl- and 2,4-dialkylpyrrole-3-carboxylic acids are obtained generally by extensions of the Hantzsch synthesis, benzyl and t-butyl esters when the 2-alkyl group is methyl. Hemopyrrole is obtained from butanal and ethyl acetoacetate in three steps. Pyrroles bearing higher alkyl groups or carbobenzoxy groups are reductively alkylated like the corresponding methylpyrroles and carbethoxy derivatives; t-butyl esters do not survive.

scholarly journals Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Activation of N,O-Ketals towards a Method for the β-Functionalization of Ketones

Synlett ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 454-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Ho ◽  
Jonas Calleja ◽  
Matthew Gaunt
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Activation Pathway ◽  
Bond Forming ◽  
Aliphatic Ketones ◽  
Palladium Catalyzed

A method for the formal β-functionalization of aliphatic ketones via a palladium-catalyzed sp3 C–H activation pathway is reported. An N,O-ketal directs an aliphatic C–H carbonylation to form γ-lactams which upon hydrolysis generate γ-keto carboxylic acids. This C–C bond-forming reaction is tolerant of a range of functional groups, enabling the synthesis of a range of synthetically important building blocks. Furthermore, the concepts underlying this transformation have also enabled the development of a related C–H alkenylation process to highly functionalised heterocycles.

scholarly journals Aggregation of coronene: the effect of carboxyl and amine functional groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. O. Correia ◽  
J. M. C. Marques ◽  
M. Bartolomei ◽  
F. Pirani ◽  
E. Maçôas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Optimization ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Weak Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Amine Groups

Global optimization reveals that aggregation is enhanced for coronene substituted with carboxylic and amine groups, which is due to the influence of weak hydrogen bonds and stronger electrostatic contributions.

scholarly journals Highly reactive, liquid diacrylamides via synergistic combination of spatially arranged curing moieties

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 372-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Maier ◽  
Magnus S Schmidt ◽  
Markus Ringwald ◽  
Christoph P Fik
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Dsc Measurements ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Reactive Liquid ◽  
Synergistic Combination ◽  
C Nmr

Six polymerizable N,N’-diacylamides containing spatially arranged N-acryl, N-allyl and/or N-alkyl groups were prepared via two-step syntheses and characterized by 1H/13C NMR-spectra, refractive index (RI) and viscosity measurements. Photo DSC measurements on activated samples provided reactivity parameters ∆H p, R p,max and t max, while FTIR spectra before and after curing elucidated the underlying polymerization mechanism. Mechanical testing of the obtained polymers exhibited gradual differences in network densities, depending on the intramolecular arrangement and number of functional groups. Overall, a general building principle for highly reactive, liquid diacrylamides via synergistic combination of optimally arranged functional groups could be identified. The highest possible level of intramolecular synergism was found for low viscous N,N'-diacryloyl-N,N'-diallyl-1,4-but-2-enediamine.

scholarly journals Elongated and substituted triazine-based tricarboxylic acid linkers for MOFs

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 2267-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Klinkebiel ◽  
Ole Beyer ◽  
Barbara Malawko ◽  
Ulrich Lüning
Keyword(s):  
Nitro Group ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Acid Chloride ◽  
Methoxy Group ◽  
Suzuki Coupling ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid

New triazine-based tricarboxylic acid linkers were prepared as elongated relatives of triazinetribenzoic acid (TATB). Additionally, functional groups (NO2, NH2, OMe, OH) were introduced for potential post-synthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs. Functionalized tris(4-bromoaryl)triazine “cores” (3a,3b) were obtained by unsymmetric trimerization mixing one equivalent of an acid chloride (OMe or NO2 substituted) with two equivalents of an unsubstituted nitrile. Triple Suzuki coupling of the cores 3 with suitable phenyl- and biphenylboronic acid derivatives provided elongated tricarboxylic acid linkers as carboxylic acids 17 and 20 or their esters 16 and 19. Reduction of the nitro group and cleavage of the methoxy group gave the respective amino and hydroxy-substituted triazine linkers.

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