Flame Retardant Treatments of Nylon Textiles: A Shift towards Eco-Friendly Approaches

Among the synthetic polymeric textiles, Nylon (Polyamide) textiles (Nylon66/Nylon 6) are one of the most widely used materials, especially as apparel and industrial uses for their excellent properties, namely higher strength and good wear resistance. Unfortunately, due to their organic structures, they show the relative ease of burning, which poses a great risk to fire. For the flame retardant (FR) treatment of nylon textiles, several strategies have been developed throughout the years and the earlier studies show the enormous uses of petroleum-based flame retardant compounds via energy intensive application methods. However, the rapid improvement in living standards as well as the recent call for a reduction of environmental impacts during manufacturing and use have been pushed researchers to come up with environmentally benign chemistries and processes. Therefore, the challenges in search of the most sustainable, efficient and durable flame retardant treatments for nylon textiles still remain as a hot topic to be addressed. This chapter discusses the eco-friendly approaches that have been taken in escalating the fire performance of these novel nylon textiles, especially focusing on the applied compounds and the application techniques along with the durability issues of such applications.

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A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF MODIFICATIONS IN PREPARATION OF KSHARASUTRA AND ITS APPLICATION TECHNIQUES IN PATIENTS OF BHAGANDARA (FISTULA-IN-ANO)

10.36106/ijsr/2107513 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Supriya Gupta ◽

B. Kothainayagi ◽

Avnish Pathak

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Economic Status ◽

Fistula In Ano ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Application Techniques ◽

Challenging Technique ◽

Promising Treatment ◽

To Come ◽

Complex Cases

Bhagandara (Fistula-in-ano) is well known cause of morbidity in all ages, gender and socio-economic status which has a promising treatment available with Ayurvedic practice of Ksharasutra (medicated setons). This is proven to have relatively lower rates of complications and recurrences. The standardised form of Apamarg Ksharasutra (Snuhi, Apamarg and Haridra churan) is been used for long and still considered the gold standard. However, difficulty in procurement, non-perennial availability of few of its constituents and challenging technique especially in complex cases has always encouraged the practitioners and researchers to come up with trial of other ingredients as per old literature like Sushruta Samhita and to modify the application techniques. This is an endeavour to venture into literature and compile such promising efforts.

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Methods of Auxin Application in Cutting Propagation: A Review of 70 Years of Scientific Discovery and Commercial Practice

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-25.3.166 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 166-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eugene K. Blythe ◽

Jeff L. Sibley ◽

Ken M. Tilt ◽

John M. Ruter

Keyword(s):

Scientific Discovery ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Worker Safety ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Cutting Propagation ◽

Commercial Practice ◽

The Past ◽

Application Techniques ◽

Application Methods ◽

Basic And Applied Research

Abstract The discovery of auxins as plant growth regulating chemicals in the 1930s and their ability to stimulate adventitious rooting in stem cuttings marked a major milestone in the modern history of plant propagation. Basic and applied research conducted during the past 70 years has provided information regarding absorption and translocation of auxin in cuttings, as well as the effects of timing of auxin application, methods of auxin application, type of auxin, and concentration of auxin on the rooting response of cuttings. The basal quick-dip method, the powder application method, and the dilute soak method have been the most commonly used methods for applying auxin to cuttings in commercial horticulture over the past 7 decades, with the first two methods still in common use today. In addition, a wide variety of other auxin application methods have been reported beginning in the 1930s and continuing to the present. Some of these methods remain primarily of historical interest, several find limited use in commercial horticulture, and others show potential for greater use in the future. Opportunities exist for further development of auxin application techniques that can enhance plant quality, efficiency and productivity of the cutting propagation process, and worker safety. This review provides horticulturists, from the academic researcher to the commercial propagator, with an exploration of auxin application methods over the past 70 years, along with an examination of the physiological response of cuttings to applied auxin and an overview of issues leading to future opportunities.

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A Facile Preparation of Environmentally-Benign and Flame-Retardant Coating on Wood by Comprising Polysilicate and Boric Acid

10.21203/rs.3.rs-528431/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kaihao Wang ◽

Shuheng Wang ◽

Dan Meng ◽

Dong Chen ◽

Chenzhong Mu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Boric Acid ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Wood Sample ◽

Low Cost ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Wood Combustion ◽

Flame Resistance ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Index Value

Abstract For the sake of direct using on the built wooden buildings, a green flame resistance coating comprising sodium polysilicate (SPS) and boric acid was prepared. With weight gain of only 10 wt.%, the treated wood sample (SPS/B-wood) performed improved limiting oxygen index value of 40.3% and passed the V-0 rating in UL-94 test. Additionally, the total heat release, total smoke production and peak carbon monoxide production of SPS/B-wood sample were decreased by 24.5%, 36.0% and 59.4% respectively, compared with that of control wood sample. The residue of SPS/B-wood sample was increased to 54.0% from 18.4% of control wood sample at 800oC in the thermogravimetry analysis. The flame retardant mechanism was suggested that SPS and boric acid formed Si-O-B and Si-O-Si contained structures, isolating the heat and smoke transfer during wood combustion. Notably, NaOH, introduced by the SPS/B coating, catalyzed the lignin to form compact and high-quality char. To conclude, this low-cost and easily-operated coating has a promising future utilizing in the villages with dense wood buildings.

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Biomechanical Comparison of Fibrin Sealants for Mesh Fixation

The American Surgeon ◽

10.1177/000313481808400512 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (5) ◽

pp. 633-636

Author(s):

Charles P. Shahan ◽

Nathaniel F. Stoikes ◽

Esra Roan ◽

Patrick Reese ◽

David L. Webb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mesh Fixation ◽

Early Recurrence ◽

Fixation Strength ◽

Spray Application ◽

Lap Shear ◽

Application Techniques ◽

Tissue Interface ◽

Application Methods ◽

Biomechanical Comparison ◽

Early Fixation

Adhesive use for fixation in hernia repair allows for complete and immediate mesh surface area adherence. Little is known about the fixation strengths of the products and application methods available. The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate and early strength of fixation of Tisseel™ and Evicel™ using hand and spray application techniques. Sixteen Mongrel swine underwent implantation of large-pore, mid-weight polypropylene mesh fixated with either Tisseel™ or Evicel™, applied by hand or with a spray apparatus. Time points studied were zero and four days. All samples underwent lap shear testing to quantify the strength of the mesh–tissue interface as an indicator of mesh fixation strength. Thirty Day 4 and 16 Day 0 samples were tested. Manually applied Tisseel™ mean fixation strength was 2.05 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.02 N/cm at Day 4. Sprayed Tisseel™ had mean fixation strength of 1.22 N/cm at Day 0 and 7.21 N/cm at Day 4. Manually applied Evicel™ showed mean fixation strength of 0.92 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.73 N/cm at Day 4. Mean fixation strength of sprayed Evicel™ was 0.72 N/cm at Day 0 and 6.70 N/cm at Day 4. Analysis of variance showed no difference between groups at Day 0 or Day 4. Immediate strength of mesh fixation could have significant implications for early recurrence and mesh contraction. This study demonstrates that no difference exists in immediate or early fixation strength between these two brands of sealants or their method of application.

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Comparative study of the extrinsic properties of poly(lactic acid)-based biocomposites filled with talc versus sustainable biocarbon

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c9ra00034h ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 6752-6761 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Michael R. Snowdon ◽

Feng Wu ◽

Amar K. Mohanty ◽

Manjusri Misra

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Comparative Study ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Extrinsic Properties

PLA composites containing sustainable biocarbon providing wear resistance and flame-retardant capabilities on par or superior to conventional talc filler.

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Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/0734904120932479 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 485-503

Author(s):

Benjamin Tawiah ◽

Bin Yu ◽

Anthony Chun Yin Yuen ◽

Bin Fei

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Commercial Application ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Insight Into

The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.

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Environmentally-benign, water-based covalent polymer network for flame retardant cotton

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-021-03874-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bin Zhao ◽

Thomas J. Kolibaba ◽

Simone Lazar ◽

Jaime C. Grunlan

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Polymer Network ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Water Based

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Environmentally Benign Phytic Acid-Based Nanocoating for Multifunctional Flame-Retardant/Antibacterial Cotton

Fibers ◽

10.3390/fib9110069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Eva Magovac ◽

Bojana Vončina ◽

Ana Budimir ◽

Igor Jordanov ◽

Jaime C. Grunlan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Phytic Acid ◽

Environmentally Benign ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Untreated Cotton ◽

Microscale Combustion Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Calorimeter

Environmentally benign layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition was used to obtain flame-retardant and antimicrobial cotton. Cotton was coated with 8, 10, and 12 phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CH)-urea bilayers (BL) and then immersed into copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4) solution. Our findings were that 12 BL of PA/CH-urea + Cu2+ were able to stop flame on cotton during vertical flammability testing (VFT) with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 26%. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) data showed a reduction of peak heat release rates (pHRR) of more than 61%, while the reduction of total heat release (THR) was more than 54%, relative to untreated cotton. TG-IR analysis of 12 BL-treated cotton showed the release of water, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aldehydes, while by adding Cu2+ ions, the treated cotton produces a lower amount of methane. Treated cotton also showed no levoglucosan. The intumescent behavior of the treatment was indicated by the bubbled structure of the post-burn char. Antibacterial testing showed a 100% reduction of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, cotton was successfully functionalized with a multifunctional ecologically benign flame-retardant and antibacterial nanocoating, by means of LbL deposition.

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RESULTS OF MECHANICAL RESISTANCE TEST OF LABORATORY SAMPLES COATING APPLIED BY LASER DEPOSITION

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2016-5-77-83 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 77-83

Author(s):

S. A. Frolov ◽

V. N. Svetashov ◽

D. D. Vodorezov ◽

D. S. Leontiev ◽

O. M. Stolbova

Keyword(s):

Wear Resistance ◽

Friction Coefficient ◽

Protective Coatings ◽

Laser Deposition ◽

Resistance Test ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Relative Wear ◽

Relative Wear Resistance ◽

Application Methods ◽

Laboratory Specimen

The article analyzes the results of tests of mechanical resistance of laboratory specimen coating applied by laser deposition. Based on the analysis a conclusion is drawn about the effect of protective coatings and their application methods on the friction coefficient and relative wear resistance.

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MODERN MOUNTAINS FROM THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO THE ANTHROPOCENE

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x18000341 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 553-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

THOMAS SIMPSON

Keyword(s):

Global Change ◽

Environmental Impacts ◽

The Enlightenment ◽

Recent Scholarship ◽

To Come

AbstractRecent scholarship across a range of historical sub-disciplines shows that uplands are where many forms of modernity are both crafted and overwhelmed. Maintaining multiple tensions – between assimilation and distinction, between projections of power and material and human resistance, and between knowledge and elusiveness – is essential to the modernities crafted in mountain spaces. This review highlights a number of common threads running through recent writings on modern mountains. These include heightened attention to the importance of mountains as arenas for the performance of gendered, racial, national, and class-based subjectivities, and the persistence of earlier attitudes and activities in avowedly disenchanted modern visions of uplands. For all of the successes of recent scholarship, more work remains in order to consider mountains in global contexts and to come to terms with our continued entanglement in modern ways of understanding and acting in high places. Looking ahead, it is vital that historians think with and about mountains in order to contribute positively and persuasively to discussions on the human and environmental impacts of global change.

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