scholarly journals Genetic Variability through Induced Mutation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Saeed Awan ◽  
Bushra Sadia ◽  
Javaria Altaf ◽  
Madiha Habib ◽  
Kiran Hameed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Ethyl Methane ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Novel Alleles ◽  
New Cultivars

The success of plant breeding is based on the accessibility of genetic variation, information about desired traits with well-organized approach that make it likely to develop existing genetic resources. Food security demands to break the yield barrier through increasing new cultivars which can adapt to wide range of environment. It is especially important to observe the character association for yield along with its components before recognizing novel technique to break the yield barrier. There are numerous methods for improved exploiting of the inherent genetic makeup of crops with heritable variations. It is recommended that recognized parental resources can also be induced to mutate for unmasking novel alleles of genes that organize the traits suitable for the crop varieties of the 21st century world. Chemical mutagens have extensively been applied to make genetic changes in crop plants for breeding investigation as well as genetic studies. Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) is the most frequently applied as chemical agents in plants. EMS normally induces GC → AT transitions in the genome causing mutated protein that performed different functions rather than normal. It is exposed that the utilization of EMS is an efficient approach for developing novel gene pool.

scholarly journals mtDNAcombine: tools to combine sequences from multiple studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor F. Miller ◽  
Andrea Manica
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Bayesian Skyline Plot ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Existing Data

Abstract Background Today an unprecedented amount of genetic sequence data is stored in publicly available repositories. For decades now, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the workhorse of genetic studies, and as a result, there is a large volume of mtDNA data available in these repositories for a wide range of species. Indeed, whilst whole genome sequencing is an exciting prospect for the future, for most non-model organisms’ classical markers such as mtDNA remain widely used. By compiling existing data from multiple original studies, it is possible to build powerful new datasets capable of exploring many questions in ecology, evolution and conservation biology. One key question that these data can help inform is what happened in a species’ demographic past. However, compiling data in this manner is not trivial, there are many complexities associated with data extraction, data quality and data handling. Results Here we present the mtDNAcombine package, a collection of tools developed to manage some of the major decisions associated with handling multi-study sequence data with a particular focus on preparing sequence data for Bayesian skyline plot demographic reconstructions. Conclusions There is now more genetic information available than ever before and large meta-data sets offer great opportunities to explore new and exciting avenues of research. However, compiling multi-study datasets still remains a technically challenging prospect. The mtDNAcombine package provides a pipeline to streamline the process of downloading, curating, and analysing sequence data, guiding the process of compiling data sets from the online database GenBank.

Evaluation of Yield Attributing Variants Developed Through Ethyl Methane Sulphonate in an Important Proteinaceous Crop-Vicia faba

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durre Shahwar ◽  
Mohammad Yunus Khali Ansari ◽  
Sana Chaudhary ◽  
Rumana Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Ethyl Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Ethyl Methane ◽  
Methane Sulphonate

Breeding and Mating Systems of Australian Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Susan M. Carthew
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Pollen Deposition ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Key Events

There has been a significant increase in the number of studies investigating plant breeding and mating systems over the past 10 years. The family Proteaceae, in particular, has dominated such research conducted in Australia. Thus it is now timely to present a critical review of the breeding and mating systems of the Australian Proteaceae. It is hoped that this will stimulate further research. The review covers key events between pollen deposition on stigmas through to fruit set. The genus Banksia, although not the most diverse of the family, has received a disproportionate amount of attention. It has featured in nine published studies of self-compatibility compared to 13 studies spanning the other 45 genera and has featured in eight genetic studies of the mating system compared to just two on other genera. Few studies have assessed the timing of stigma receptivity despite the intriguing situation in most Proteaceae of auto-deposition of self-pollen on or near stigmas at anthesis. Studies suggest that stigmas are not receptive until 0.5–4 days after anthesis. Banksia species appear to show low levels of self-compatibility although one subspecies shows high levels of selfing and evidence of selective fruit development. Self-compatibility may be more common in other genera, although a dearth of studies precludes generalisation. Assessment of mating systems indicates almost complete outcrossing for most species, lending support to the idea of selective fruit development. It is clear that many further studies of all topics are required but particularly across a wide range of genera because many have not been studied at all.

Solvent Effects on the Synthesis of Polymeric Nanoparticles via Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Using Microporous Membranes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 324-330
Author(s):  
Sri Agustina ◽  
Masayoshi Tokuda ◽  
Hideto Minami ◽  
Cyrille Boyer ◽  
Per B. Zetterlund
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Raft Polymerization ◽  
Membrane Emulsification ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Membrane Pore Size

The self-assembly of block copolymers has attracted attention for many decades because it can yield polymeric nanoobjects with a wide range of morphologies. Membrane emulsification is a fairly novel technique for preparation of various types of emulsions, which relies on the dispersed phase passing through a membrane in order to effect droplet formation. In this study, we have prepared polymeric nanoparticles of different morphologies using self-assembly of asymmetric block copolymers in connection with membrane emulsification. Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membranes has been employed as the membrane emulsification equipment, and poly (oligoethylene glycol acrylate)-block-poly (styrene) (POEGA-b-PSt) copolymers prepared via RAFT polymerization. It has been found that a number of different morphologies can be achieved using this novel technique, including spheres, rods, and vesicles. Interestingly, the results have shown that the morphology can be controlled not only by adjusting experimental parameters specific to the membrane emulsification step such as membrane pore size and pressure, but also by changing the nature of organic solvent. As such, this method provides a novel route to these interesting nanoobjects, with interesting prospects in terms of exercising morphology control without altering the nature of the block copolymer itself.

scholarly journals Developing Triploid Maples

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Contreras ◽  
Tyler C. Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
Shade Trees ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Ornamental Traits ◽  
Ploidy Manipulation ◽  
New Cultivars

Maples are common street and shade trees throughout the temperate zone. They are widely used for their wide range of ornamental traits and adaptability, particularly to urban settings. Unfortunately, some species such as Acer tataricum ssp. ginnala (Amur maple) and A. platanoides (Norway maple) have escaped cultivation to become pests or in some cases threaten native flora. However, these species remain economically important and are still asked for by name. To ameliorate potential future ecological damage from additional escapes, we have been breeding for sterile forms using ploidy manipulation and backcrossing to develop triploids. We began with a series of experiments to develop tetraploids of Amur, Norway, and trident (A. buergerianum) maples. Treatment of seedlings at the cotyledon or first true leaf stage was successful in inducing tetraploids of each species. Mortality, cytochimeras, and tetraploids varied among species. After identifying tetraploids, they were field planted alongside diploid cultivars and seedlings, which served as pollinizers in open-pollination. Seedlings derived from open-pollinated tetraploids were generally found to be a high percentage triploids. Thus far, no Norway or trident maple triploids have flowered but after three years we observed five, 22, and 22 Amur maple triploids flowering over three respective years with no seedlings recovered to date. Further evaluation is required but our findings are encouraging that the triploids we have developed thus far will be sterile and provide new cultivars for nursery growers and land managers.

scholarly journals Genetic Studies Involving Wine Testa Color in Peanut1

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Branch
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
True Breeding ◽  
Cultivated Peanut ◽  
Testa Color ◽  
New Cultivars

Abstract A better understanding of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) testa color genetics would be helpful to breeders in developing new cultivars to meet U.S. market acceptability. Wine is one of the least understood of all basic testa colors in peanut. The objective of this genetic study was to gain further knowledge on the inheritance of wine testa color and possible allelic interactions. Crosses were made using two true-breeding wine testa color genotypes (Wine-Frr and PI 264549) as females with the tan testa and recessive red testa male parents Krinkle-Leaf and Makulu Red, respectively. F1, F2, and F3 data suggest no difference between the two wine testa color genotypes. Inheritance of wine testa color was found to be recessive with a one gene difference between wine and the tan testa color of Krinkle-Leaf, and with two gene differences between wine and the recessive red testa color of Makulu Red. Inheritance of wine seems to closely parallel that for recessive red testa color in the cultivated peanut.

scholarly journals Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Furtwängler ◽  
A. B. Rohrlach ◽  
Thiseas C. Lamnidis ◽  
Luka Papac ◽  
Gunnar U. Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Southern Central

Abstract Genetic studies of Neolithic and Bronze Age skeletons from Europe have provided evidence for strong population genetic changes at the beginning and the end of the Neolithic period. To further understand the implications of these in Southern Central Europe, we analyze 96 ancient genomes from Switzerland, Southern Germany, and the Alsace region in France, covering the Middle/Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. Similar to previously described genetic changes in other parts of Europe from the early 3rd millennium BCE, we detect an arrival of ancestry related to Late Neolithic pastoralists from the Pontic-Caspian steppe in Switzerland as early as 2860–2460 calBCE. Our analyses suggest that this genetic turnover was a complex process lasting almost 1000 years and involved highly genetically structured populations in this region.

Novel Glucose Biosensor Based on the Microcantilever

2003 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhong Pei ◽  
Fang Tian ◽  
Thomas Thundat
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Biosensor ◽  
Enzyme Specificity ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cantilever Surface ◽  
The Common ◽  
Detection Schemes

AbstractWe report a novel technique for micromechanical detection of biologically relevant glucose by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) onto a microcantilever surface. Microfabricated cantilevers have recently attracted considerable interest in the development of a wide range of novel physical, chemical, and biological sensors. This paper describes the combination of this novel technology with enzyme specificity to construct a highly selective glucose biosensor. The enzyme-functionalized microcantilever undergoes bending due to a change in surface stress induced by the reaction between glucose and the GOx immobilized on the cantilever surface. The common interferents for glucose detection in other detection schemes have been tested and have shown no effect on the measurement of blood glucose level by this technique.

scholarly journals Synthetic Riboswitches That Induce Gene Expression in Diverse Bacterial Species

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (23) ◽  
pp. 7881-7884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Topp ◽  
Colleen M. K. Reynoso ◽  
Jessica C. Seeliger ◽  
Ian S. Goldlust ◽  
Shawn K. Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Expression Systems ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Control Gene Expression ◽  
Diverse Species ◽  
Wide Range

ABSTRACT We developed a series of ligand-inducible riboswitches that control gene expression in diverse species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including human pathogens that have few or no previously reported inducible expression systems. We anticipate that these riboswitches will be useful tools for genetic studies in a wide range of bacteria.

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