scholarly journals Immune Checkpoints as a Novel Source for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target in Celiac Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Torres ◽  
Miguel Ángel López Casado ◽  
Teresa Palomeque ◽  
Pedro Lorite
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Risk Genes ◽  
Hla Alleles ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Celiac disease, as an autoimmune disorder, is a disease which appears in sensing and immune reaction responses to gluten. It has been confirmed that both genetic and environmental factors are involved. CD is strongly associated with the HLA alleles DQB1*02 (serological DQ2) or DQB1*0302 (serological DQ8). These HLA alleles are necessary but not sufficient for the development of CD and non-HLA risk genes also contribute to disease susceptibility. Several studies have identified linkage or association of CD with the 2q33 locus, a region harboring the candidate genes CD28, CTLA4 and ICOS, important immune checkpoints regulators of T-cell activity. Immune checkpoints are crucial to maintain self-tolerance and protect self-tissue from damage during an ongoing immune response.

scholarly journals Can Celiac Disease Be Prevented?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Auricchio ◽  
Riccardo Troncone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Variable Combination

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals characterized by a variable combination of gluten-dependent symptoms, presence of specific autoantibodies and enteropathy. The health burden of CD is considerable, as it reduces quality of life  and, at a societal level, has extensive negative economic consequences. Prevention strategies are based on the identification of at-risk subjects and identification and elimination of risk factors. A number of prospective observational and interventional studies conducted on the general population, and more often in subjects at-risk, have given important information on the natural history of the disease. Both genetic and environmental factors have been identified with the former, in particular histocompatibility genes, playing a major role. Environmental factors, some operating already before birth, have been identified, with feeding pattern in the first year of life (breast feeding, amount and time of introduction of gluten) and infections being the most relevant. Prospective studies have also allowed the identification of biomarkers predictive of the disease which in perspective could better define the population on which to intervene. Interventions have been so far limited to modifications of feeding patterns. However, as also learnt from diseases that share with CD genetic risk factors and mechanisms of damage, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D), future strategies may be envisaged based on protection from infections, manipulation of microbiota, intervention on T cells.

scholarly journals Gliadin Sequestration as a Novel Therapy for Celiac Disease: A Prospective Application for Polyphenols

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 595
Author(s):  
Charlene B. Van Buiten ◽  
Ryan J. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Gluten Proteins ◽  
Prospective Application

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a heightened immune response to gluten proteins in the diet, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms and mucosal damage localized to the small intestine. Despite its prevalence, the only treatment currently available for celiac disease is complete avoidance of gluten proteins in the diet. Ongoing clinical trials have focused on targeting the immune response or gluten proteins through methods such as immunosuppression, enhanced protein degradation and protein sequestration. Recent studies suggest that polyphenols may elicit protective effects within the celiac disease milieu by disrupting the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten proteins, sequestering gluten proteins from recognition by critical receptors in pathogenesis and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on the system as a whole. This review highlights mechanisms by which polyphenols can protect against celiac disease, takes a critical look at recent works and outlines future applications for this potential treatment method.

Genetic and environmental factors affecting pathogenicity of wheat as related to celiac disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Prandi ◽  
Paola Mantovani ◽  
Gianni Galaverna ◽  
Stefano Sforza
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

scholarly journals Harnessing NK Cell Checkpoint-Modulating Immunotherapies

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Kumar Singh Chauhan ◽  
Ulrike Koehl ◽  
Stephan Kloess
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

During the host immune response, the precise balance of the immune system, regulated by immune checkpoint, is required to avoid infection and cancer. These immune checkpoints are the mainstream regulator of the immune response and are crucial for self-tolerance. During the last decade, various new immune checkpoint molecules have been studied, providing an attractive path to evaluate their potential role as targets for effective therapeutic interventions. Checkpoint inhibitors have mainly been explored in T cells until now, but natural killer (NK) cells are a newly emerging target for the determination of checkpoint molecules. Simultaneously, an increasing number of therapeutic dimensions have been explored, including modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules, either causing dysfunction or promoting effector functions. Furthermore, the combination of the immune checkpoint with other NK cell-based therapeutic strategies could also strengthen its efficacy as an antitumor therapy. In this review, we have undertaken a comprehensive review of the literature to date regarding underlying mechanisms of modulatory and inhibitory checkpoint molecules.

scholarly journals CELIAC DISEASE;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (08) ◽  
pp. 1253-1255
Author(s):  
Edip Erkus ◽  
Mehmet Zahid Kocak ◽  
Gulali Aktas ◽  
Haluk Savli
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Elderly Woman ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Latent Disease ◽  
Definition Of

Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder based on immune response togluten in genetically predisposed subjects. Five subtypes of CD has been described; classicaldisease, atypical disease, silent disease, latent disease, potential disease. Literature consistsat least five different definition of latent CD. We aimed to present a unique latent CD case inan elderly woman, who referred with anemia, hypoalbuminemia and vitamin D deficiency. Sheresponded well to initiation of gluten free diet.

scholarly journals First-degree Relatives of Celiac Disease Patients Have Increased Seroreactivity to Serum Microbial Markers

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Liisa Viitasalo ◽  
Sari Iltanen ◽  
Heini Huhtala ◽  
Päivi Saavalainen ◽  
Katri Kaukinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Hla Haplotypes

Risk of celiac disease (CD) is increased in relatives of CD patients due to genetic and possible environmental factors. We recently reported increased seropositivity to anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA), Pseudomonas fluorescens-associated sequence (anti-I2) and Bacteroides caccae TonB-linked outer membrane protein (anti-OmpW) antibodies in CD. We hypothesized these markers also to be overrepresented in relatives. Seropositivity and levels of ASCA, anti-I2 and anti-OmpW were compared between 463 first-degree relatives, 58 untreated and 55 treated CD patients, and 80 controls. CD-associated human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haplotypes and transglutaminase (tTGab) and endomysium (EmA) antibodies were determined. One or more of the microbial antibodies was present in 75% of relatives, 97% of untreated and 87% of treated CD patients and 44% of the controls. The relatives had higher median ASCA IgA (9.13 vs. 4.50 U/mL, p < 0.001), ASCA IgG (8.91 vs. 5.75 U/mL, p < 0.001) and anti-I2 (absorbance 0.74 vs. 0.32, p < 0.001) levels than controls. There was a weak, positive correlation between tTGab and ASCA (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Seropositivity was not significantly associated with HLA. To conclude, seropositivity to microbial markers was more common and ASCA and anti-I2 levels higher in relatives of CD patients than controls. These findings were not associated with HLA, suggesting the role of other genetic and environmental factors.

Reductionist thinking and animal models in neuropsychiatric research

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Baran
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Developmental Genetic ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Plasticity

AbstractReductionist thinking in neuroscience is manifest in the widespread use of animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Broader investigations of diverse behaviors in non-model organisms and longer-term study of the mechanisms of plasticity will yield fundamental insights into the neurobiological, developmental, genetic, and environmental factors contributing to the “massively multifactorial system networks” which go awry in mental disorders.

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