The Perils of Technological Transformation

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-81
Author(s):  
Alan D. Zimm
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Ultimate Source ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 saw the introduction of game-changing naval strike technologies, among them the first Japanese introduction of aircraft voice radios, shallow-running torpedoes, armor-piercing bombs, advanced fuzes, and the use of dive bombers against fleet units in port. The attack was the first instance of a multi-carrier strike, with over 350 aircraft participating. Instead of amplifying success, these technologies contributed to a very poor performance: with sufficient firepower to sink all the accessible battleships and cruisers in the harbor, with overkill, they applied killing levels of ordnance to only three. The attack is an exemplar of what can go wrong when introducing new naval technologies and doctrine. This chapter by Alan D. Zimm examines the errors made by the Japanese, the impact of these errors on strike performance, and the ultimate source of the errors. Examined are bombsights, general-purpose and armor-piercing bombs, radios and command and control, and torpedoes and anti-torpedo defenses. Much of the Japanese performance shortfall can be attributed to improper assimilation of new technologies, along with poor testing, manufacturing, and installation of new technologies.

scholarly journals Automation and the Future of Command and Control: The End of Auftragstaktik?

MCU Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-146
Author(s):  
Rosario M. Simonetti ◽  
Paolo Tripodi
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Strategic Leaders ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Generation Technology ◽  
Advisory Role

The impact of new technologies and the increased speed in the future battlespace may overcentralize command and control functions at the political or strategic level and, as a result, bypass the advisory role played by a qualified staff. Political and/or strategic leaders might find it appealing to pursue preemptive or preventive wars as a strategy to acquire asymmetric advantage over the enemy. This article investigates the roots of this trend, connecting historical perspectives with implications that next-generation technology may have on command and control.

Using Work Domain Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of Digitization on Command and Control

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Jenkins ◽  
Neville A. Stanton ◽  
Paul M. Salmon ◽  
Guy H. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Command And Control ◽  
Domain Analysis ◽  
Work Domain Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Work Domain

U.S. Regulatory Approaches: A Critical Appraisal

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
R. L. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The American approach to environmental regulation is characterized by fragmentation of responsibilities, primary reliance on command and control regulations, extraordinary complexity, a preference for identifiable standards, and heavy resort to litigation. This system has provided important benefits, including significant reduction of environmental contamination, substantial use of science in decision-making, broad participatory rights, and the stimulation of new treatment technologies. However, these gains have been achieved at excessive cost. Too much reliance is placed on command and control methods and especially on technology-based standards. There is too much resort to litigation, and inadequate input from science. Participatory rights are being undermined, and there is a poor allocation of decision-making among the federal agencies and the states. Over-regulation sometimes leads to under-regulation, and insufficient attention is given to the impact on small entities. The responsibility for these difficulties rests with everyone, including the federal agencies, the Congress, the general public and the courts. Changes in the regulatory system are needed. We should abandon the use of technology-based standards to control toxic substances under the Clean Water Act in favor of strong health- and environmentally based standards, coupled with taxes on toxic substances in wastewater.

scholarly journals Phony peach disease: past and present impact on the peach industry in the southeastern U.S.A

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendall A. Johnson ◽  
Clive H. Bock ◽  
Phillip M. Brannen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
Foundational Research ◽  
Global Threat ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Phony peach disease (PPD) is caused by the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex (Xfm). Historically, the disease has caused severe yield loss in Georgia and elsewhere in the southeastern United States, with millions of PPD trees being removed from peach orchards over the last century. The disease remains a production constraint, and management options are few. Limited research has been conducted on PPD since the 1980s, but the advent of new technologies offers the opportunity for new, foundational research to form a basis for informed management of PPD in the U.S. Furthermore, considering the global threat of Xylella to many plant species, preventing import of Xfm to other regions, particularly where peach is grown, should be considered an important phytosanitary endeavor. Main topics We review PPD, its history and impact on peach production, and the eradication efforts that were conducted for 42 years. Additionally, we review the current knowledge of the pathogen, Xfm, and how that knowledge relates to our understanding of the peach—Xylella pathosystem, including the epidemiology of the disease and consideration of the vectors. Methods used to detect the pathogen in peach are discussed, and ramifications of detection in relation to management and control of PPD are considered. Control options for PPD are limited. Our current knowledge of the pathogen diversity and disease epidemiology are described, and based on this, some potential areas for future research are also considered. Conclusion There is a lack of recent foundational research on PPD and the associated strain of Xfm. More research is needed to reduce the impact of this pathogen on peach production in the southeastern U.S., and, should it spread internationally, wherever peaches are grown.

Identifying the Role of Digital Technologies in Sport Spectators Customer Experiences through Qualitative Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-160
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Glebova ◽  
Michel Desbordes
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Sport Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Consumption Culture ◽  
International Sport ◽  
The Impact

The massive uptake of digital technologies has changed the way how fans and the sports service field communicate and interact. In the current paper, we would like to emphasize the role of technology holistically in sport spectators customer experiences (SSCX) as a "game-changer" marketing in sports and the digitalization of SSCX. In this paper, we aim to explore and qualitatively describe by interviewees verbatim how new technologies impact SSCX. It draws on the literature review, combined with the primary data collected on unstructured interviews with international sport management and technology experts (N=10). It brings sports marketing insights followed by examples from industry professionals. Iterative analysis of data combined with literature review let us achieve to outline the crucial points and trends of technological transformations in sports spectacle. We offer an updated perspective on the SSCX through the prism of the impact of digital technologies and reshaping sports consumption culture. To this end, we develop a conceptual model that captures the nature of modern SSCX influenced by digital technologies. Keywords: technological transformation, sports spectacle, customer experience, co-creation, connectivity

An Integrated Computer-Aided Data Acquisition and Control System

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khosrowjerdi ◽  
James Aflaki
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control

PC-based data acquisition systems are used in a wide variety of applications. In laboratories, in field services and in manufacturing facilities, these systems act as general-purpose measurement and control tools well suited for measuring voltage signals. Teaching and learning experiences may be enhanced by integrating new-technologies in the engineering curriculum, particularly in experimental-type courses. By installing plug-in data acquisition boards and signal-conditioning hardware, and appropriate software, the general-purpose computers become enormously flexible virtual-instruments with data acquisition and analysis capability. This paper describes a Computer-Aided Testing System which uses a commercially available A/D board to offer users a wide array of measurement and control capabilities. It can be used for making repeated high speed measurement, controlling motors or teaching data acquisition.

scholarly journals A Cascading Failure Model for Command and Control Networks with Hierarchy Structure

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiue Gao ◽  
Duoping Zhang ◽  
Keqiu Li ◽  
Bo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Command And Control ◽  
Cascading Failure ◽  
Cascading Failures ◽  
Failure Model ◽  
Relational Models ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Load Redistribution ◽  
Initial Load ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Cascading failures in the command and control networks (C2 networks) could substantially affect the network invulnerability to some extent. In particular, without considering the characteristics of hierarchy structure, it is quite misleading to employ the existing cascading failure models and effectively analyze the invulnerability of C2 networks. Therefore, a novel cascading failure model for command and control networks with hierarchy structure is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a method of defining the node’s initial load in C2 networks based on hierarchy-degree is proposed. By applying the method, the impact of organizational positions and the degree of the node on its initial load could be highlighted. Secondly, a nonuniform adjustable load redistribution strategy (NALR strategy) is put forward in this paper. More specifically, adjusting the redistribution coefficient could allocate the load from failure nodes to the higher and the same level neighboring nodes according to different proportions. It could be demonstrated by simulation results that the robustness of C2 networks against cascading failures could be dramatically improved by adjusting the initial load adjustment coefficient, the tolerance parameter, and the load redistribution coefficient. And finally, comparisons with other relational models are provided to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the model proposed in this paper. Subsequently, the invulnerability of C2 networks could be enhanced.

scholarly journals How Do Different Types of Environmental Regulations Affect Green Innovation Efficiency?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Chuandang Zhao ◽  
Xiaoying Tang ◽  
Jiawei Cheng ◽  
Guanyang Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Environmental Regulations ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Environmental regulation policies are being continuously enriched today. To effectively improve green innovation efficiency through environmental regulations, it is urgent to better understand the impact of different environmental regulations on green innovation efficiency (GIE). However, due to the defects of previous methods for measuring GIE, existing studies may have deviations when analysing the effect of environmental regulations on GIE. To fill this gap, using Shaanxi, China, as a case study, the present study proposes a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model based on neutral cross-efficiency evaluation to accurately measure the GIE of Shaanxi during the period of 2001–2017. On this basis, this study further analysed the impact of different types of environmental regulations on GIE from three aspects: causality, evolutionary relationships, and effect paths. The results indicate that (1) the GIE of Shaanxi Province showed a “fluctuation-slow growth-steady growth” trend during 2001–2017, and after 2014, the problem of an uncoordinated relationship between technology research and design (R&D) and technology transformation began to appear; (2) there was a linear evolutionary relationship between command-and-control environmental regulation and GIE and a “U”-shaped evolutionary relationship between market-based/voluntary environmental regulation and GIE; and (3) command-and-control environmental regulation and voluntary environmental regulation affected GIE mainly at the technology R&D stage, while market-based environmental regulation ran through the entire process of green innovation activities. This study improves the evaluation methods and theoretical systems of GIE and provides the scientific basis for government decision-makers to formulate environmental regulation policies.

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