A Response to John Rawls’s Critique of Loyola on the Human Good

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-342
Author(s):  
Christopher James Wolfe ◽  
Jonathan Polce ◽  

In this paper we shall consider whether John Rawls’s treatment of Ignatius of Loyola is a fair one. Rawls claims in A Theory of Justice that Catholic theology (and Ignatius’s theology in particular) aims at a “dominant end” of serving God that overrides other moral considerations. Rawls argues that dominant end views lead to a disfigured self and a disregard for justice. We do not question Rawls on the normative issue of whether dominant end conceptions are untenable, but rather on his factual claim that Ignatian spirituality and Catholic theology in general presupposes a dominant end view as he defines it. The Loyola whom Rawls attacks in Theory of Justice is a straw-man. Ignatian spirituality and Catholic theology in general embraces something closer to an inclusive end view, since it argues that several different ways of virtuous living can lead to happiness.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Michael Barnes SJ

This article considers the theme of discernment in the tradition of Ignatian spirituality emanating from the Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556), the founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). After a brief introduction which addresses the central problematic of bad influences that manifest themselves as good, the article turns to the life and work of two Jesuits, the 16th C English missionary to India, Thomas Stephens and the 20th C French historian and cultural critic, Michel de Certeau. Both kept up a constant dialogue with local culture in which they sought authenticity in their response to ‘events’, whether a hideous massacre which shaped the pastoral commitment and writing of Stephens in the south of the Portuguese enclave of Goa or the 1968 student-led protests in Paris that so much affected the thinking of de Certeau. Very different in terms of personal background and contemporary experience, they both share in a tradition of discernment as a virtuous response to what both would understand as the ‘wisdom of the Spirit’ revealed in their personal interactions with ‘the other’.



2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Mooney

AbstractThis essay examines the life of Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1491–1556), founder of the Society of Jesus [Jesuits], whose religious experience defined the contours of Ignatian spirituality. Through an exploration of foundational documents such as Ignatius's “autobiography,” the Spiritual Exercises, the Jesuits' Constitutions, and early Jesuit writings, this essay shows how the diversity of early Jesuit ministries – as spiritual guides, opponents of Protestantism, schoolteachers, and missionaries to lands outside Europe – can be subsumed under the single rubric of “apostolic mission.” Constitutive features of Ignatian spirituality impinging upon the Jesuit notion of and concrete practice of apostolic mission included the priority of prayer, the Trinitarian missio Dei, the positive embrace of creation and culture, a commitment to seek God in all things, go wherever others needed help, form them to help others, and choose ministries according to what most served the universal good. These principles, not always realized in actual Jesuit ministries, prove useful today for theorists and practitioners of Christian mission. Cet article examine la vie d'Ignace de Loyola (c. 1491–1556), fondateur de la Société de Jésus (Jésuites), dont l'expérience religieuse a défini les contours de la spiritualité ignatienne. A travers l'exploration de documents fondamentaux tels que la « biographie » d'Ignace, les Exercices spirituels, les Constitutions des Jésuites et les premiers écrits jésuites, l'article montre comment la diversité des premiers ministères jésuites – comme guides spirituels, opposants au Protestantisme, enseignants et missionnaires vers des terres hors de l'Europe – peut être rassemblée sous la rubrique unique de « mission apostolique ». Les traits constitutifs de la spiritualité ignatienne qui eurent des répercussions sur la notion et la pratique jésuite de la mission apostolique comprenaient la priorité de la prière, la missio Dei trinitaire, l'accueil positif de la création et de la culture, un engagement à chercher Dieu en toutes choses, à aller partout où il y avait besoin d'aide, à former à aider les autres, et à choisir les ministères en fonction de ce qui contribuait le plus au bien universel. Ces principes, pas toujours réalisés dans l'exercice des ministères jésuites, sont encore utiles aujourd'hui aux théoriciens et praticiens de la mission chrétienne. Dieser Artikel untersucht das Leben Ignatius von Loyolas (1491–1556), dem Gründer der Gesellschaft Jesu (Jesuiten), dessen religiöse Erfahrung die Konturen der ignatianischen Spiritualität bestimmt hat. Durch eine Untersuchung der Gründungsdokumente wie der ,,Autobiografie“ des Ignatius, der Geistlichen Übungen, der Konstitutionen der Jesuiten und früher jesuitischer Schriften zeigt dieser Artikel, wie die Vielfalt der frühen jesuitischen Dienste – als spirituelle Leiter, Gegner des Protestantismus, Lehrer und Missionare außerhalb Europas – unter der einen Rubrik ,,apostolische Mission“ zusammengefasst werden kann. Grundlegende Züge der ignatianischen Spiritualität, die das Verständnis und die konkrete Praxis der apostolischen Mission beeinflussen, schlossen den Vorrang des Gebets ein sowie die trinitarische missio Dei, einen positiven Zugang zu Schöpfung und Kultur, die Hingabe Gott in allen Dingen zu suchen, dorthin zu gehen wo andere Hilfe brauchten, sie auszubilden, damit sie anderen helfen können und jene Dienste zu wählen, die das höhere Gut am meisten förderten. Diese Prinzipien, die nicht immer in den aktuellen jesuitischen Diensten umgesetzt werden, erweisen sich heute als nützlich für Theoretiker und Praktiker der christlichen Mission. Este ensayo examina la vida de Ignacio de Loyola (c. 1491–1556), fundador de la Compañía de Jesús [jesuitas], cuya experiencia religiosa define los parámetros de su espiritualidad. A través de un análisis de documentos fundacionales, tales como la “autobiografía” de Ignacio de Loyola, los Ejercicios espirituales, Constituciones de la Compañía y otros escritos de los primeros tiempos jesuíticos, este ensayo señala cómo la diversidad de los ministerios de los jesuitas en su etapa inicial – directores espirituales, opositores del protestantismo, maestros de escuelas y misioneros a lugares fuera de Europa- puede clasificarse bajo la categoría de “misión apostólica.” Elementos importantes de la espiritualidad de Ignacio de Loyola que inciden en la noción y la práctica concreta de la misión apostólica jesuítica incluyen la prioridad de la oración, la missio Dei trinitaria, el aceptar la creación y la cultura, el compromiso de buscar a Dios en todas las cosas, ir a donde otros necesitan ayuda, proveer instrucción sobre cómo ayudar a otros y elegir ministerios que sean más beneficiosos para el bien universal. Estos principios, no siempre presentes en el ministerio actual de los jesuitas, hoy resultan útiles para los teóricos y prácticos de la misión cristiana.



2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Iqbal Hasanuddin

Charles Taylor is a Canadian Philosopher who is very critical to the idea of distributive justice from the liberal thinkers. One of them is John Rawls, especially his thought in A Theory of Justice. Then, this paper will examine Taylor’s view on that idea. To do so, I analyze Taylor’s Philosophy and the Human Sciences. Following Aristotelian way of thinking on the importance of society to achieve the human good, Taylor criticizes some basic assumptions which support the liberal idea of justice. For him, the emergence of the idea of distributive justice is caused by the failure of the modern thinkers to understand the essence of human being and its relation to society.



2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
André Brouillette

The Pneumatology of the Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius of Loyola is famously discreet. However, other Ignatian authors give the Holy Spirit a central place in their spirituality. This article analyzes the Pneumatological contribution of Louis Lallemant’s Spiritual Doctrine to Ignatian spirituality, in dialogue with the Spiritual Exercises. Anchored in the guidance of the Holy Spirit, this spiritual teaching advocates a docility to the Spirit nurtured by the “guard over the heart” and an on-going responsiveness to the Spirit’s promptings. The “second conversion” promoted by Lallemant to his hearers is revealed as a Pneumatological event. It nonetheless conforms the believer to Christ, acknowledging the Christological focus of Ignatian Spirituality, while expanding its Pneumatological dimension. KEYWORDS: Spiritual Exercises. Pneumatological. Louis Lallemant. Spiritual Doctrine.



2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Lister

This paper compares Joseph Heath’s critique of the just deserts rationale for markets with an earlier critique due to Frank Knight, Milton Friedman, and Friedrich Hayek. Heath shares their emphasis upon the role of luck in prices based on supply and demand. Yet he avoids their claim that the inheritance of human capital is on a moral par with the inheritance of ordinary capital, as a basis for unequal shares of the social product. Heath prefers to argue that markets do not tend to reward talent as such. The paper raises some doubts about this factual claim, and argues that sweeping the issue of talent under the rug threatens to make our theory of justice less egalitarian than it would otherwise be. The paper also addresses the objection that claims of unfairness based on the arbitrariness of the distribution of innate abilities will undermine self-respect.



2018 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-164
Author(s):  
Teresa Messias

This article explores the Christian theological work of Sebastian Moore O.S.B. and his notion of human desire as the existential point of impact or subjective dynamics where a human being may discover a call to communion in Love, a presence of the Creating God himself as hidden source of joy and fulfilment, attracting a person to his or her ultimate meaning. Human desire is, in its deepest reality, the emergent presence of the Self as gift. This gift is attracted, oriented, healed and liberated by the presence of Jesus and the discipleship that he awakes in every one of those to whom he revels himself as the Loving other. Desire is, therefore, considered an ontological and theological via to access and undergo the transformative three-phased process of union to God or divinization, following Jesus’ destiny: an awakening, an emptying and a fulfilling of desire. A conscious and consented transformative union ( théosis) may occur, in desire, between God and a human person. Moore’s Christian spiritual itinerary of transformation of human desire is, in a second moment, paralleled with the experience of prayer and transformation that are the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. We draw attention to the fact that the Christian spiritual itinerary exposed in Moore’s theology of desire is strikingly interlocked with the structure and key theological moments of the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises.



2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Plante


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195

Fairness in income distribution is a factor that both motivates employees and contributes to maintaining social stability. In Vietnam, fair income distribution has been studied from various perspectives. In this article, through the analysis and synthesis of related documents and evidence, and from the perspective of economic philosophy, the author applies John Rawls’s Theory of Justice as Fairness to analyze some issues arising from the implementation of the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution from 1986 to present. These are unifying the perception of fairness in income distribution; solving the relationship between economic efficiency and social equality; ensuring benefits for the least-privileged people in society; and controlling income. On that basis, the author makes some recommendations to enhance the state’s role in ensuring fair income distribution in Vietnam. Received 11thNovember 2019; Revised 10thApril 2020; Accepted 20th April 2020



Author(s):  
Carl-Henric Grenholm

The purpose of this article is to examine the contributions that might be given by Lutheran political theology to the discourse on global justice. The article offers a critical examination of three different theories of global justice within political philosophy. Contractarian theories are criticized, and a thesis is that it is plausible to argue that justice can be understood as liberation from oppression. From this perspective the article gives an analysis of an influential theory of justice within Lutheran ethics. According to this theory justice is not an equal distribution but an arrangement where the subordinate respect the authority of those in power. This theory is related to a sharp distinction between law and gospel. The main thesis of the article is that Lutheran political theology should take a different approach if it aims to give a constructive contribution to theories of justice. This means that Lutheran ethics should not be based on Creation and reason alone – it should also be based on Christology and Eschatology.



Author(s):  
David Estlund

Throughout the history of political philosophy and politics, there has been continual debate about the roles of idealism versus realism. For contemporary political philosophy, this debate manifests in notions of ideal theory versus nonideal theory. Nonideal thinkers shift their focus from theorizing about full social justice, asking instead which feasible institutional and political changes would make a society more just. Ideal thinkers, on the other hand, question whether full justice is a standard that any society is likely ever to satisfy. And, if social justice is unrealistic, are attempts to understand it without value or importance, and merely utopian? This book argues against thinking that justice must be realistic, or that understanding justice is only valuable if it can be realized. The book does not offer a particular theory of justice, nor does it assert that justice is indeed unrealizable—only that it could be, and this possibility upsets common ways of proceeding in political thought. The book's author engages critically with important strands in traditional and contemporary political philosophy that assume a sound theory of justice has the overriding, defining task of contributing practical guidance toward greater social justice. Along the way, it counters several tempting perspectives, including the view that inquiry in political philosophy could have significant value only as a guide to practical political action, and that understanding true justice would necessarily have practical value, at least as an ideal arrangement to be approximated. Demonstrating that unrealistic standards of justice can be both sound and valuable to understand, the book stands as a trenchant defense of ideal theory in political philosophy.



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