Pulmonary Preneoplasia

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (7) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanja Dacic
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preneoplastic Lesions ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Lung Carcinomas ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Prognostic Importance ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Context.—Improved screening techniques for lung cancer have resulted in detection of lesions that are considered to represent precursors of invasive lung carcinomas. These lesions may cause a diagnostic dilemma particularly on small biopsy or cytology specimens. Ancillary studies are usually not helpful, and diagnosis is based on morphology alone. Recognition of these lesions is very important to prevent potential diagnostic mistakes that may result in inadequate patient management. Future molecular studies may provide clinically useful diagnostic and prognostic gene markers. Objective.—To review currently proposed morphologic criteria for precursor lesions of non–small cell lung carcinomas including squamous dysplasias, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and diffuse idiopathic neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. Major molecular abnormalities are briefly discussed. Data Sources.—Published literature and recent World Health Organization classification of lung tumors. Conclusions.—Practicing surgical pathologists must be familiar with morphology of recognized pulmonary preneoplastic lesions that are more frequently detected radiographically and subjected to diagnostic procedures. Future understanding of underlying molecular abnormalities associated with progression of these lesions into invasive lung carcinoma may result in a development of molecular assays with potential diagnostic and prognostic importance.

scholarly journals Squamous cell carcinoma mimics small cell carcinoma of the lung: a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kmeid ◽  
Breanne Gillie ◽  
Armand Asarian ◽  
Philip Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Small Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Lung Tumors ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Lung Carcinomas ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) accounts for roughly 20% of lung cancers in the USA. The 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors further categorizes SCC as three subtypes: keratinizing, non-keratinizing and basaloid variant. The non-keratinizing subtype is a poorly differentiated tumor that can present histologically in different ways, and one of which is a rare variant that strongly resembles small cell carcinoma. As a result, histological diagnosis alone is not sufficient to properly diagnose lung carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry has been increasingly used over the past few years to differentiate between lung tumors. The combination of morphological and immunohistochemical staining should be the mainstay for diagnosis of all lung carcinomas as more targeted therapies become more available.

scholarly journals Mosaic Pattern of H3 K27M-Mutant Protein Expression in a Diffuse Midline Glioma—A Diagnostic Dilemma for the Pathologist

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Narasimhaiah ◽  
Bejoy Thomas ◽  
Mathew Abraham ◽  
Rajalakshmi Poyuran
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mutant Protein ◽  
Histone Genes ◽  
Mosaic Pattern ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Diffuse Midline Glioma

AbstractDiffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M-mutant, is a World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV glioma arising in pons, thalamus, and spinal cord. They show mutations resulting in replacement of lysine at position 27 by methionine (K27M) of histone genes, H3F3A, HIST1H3B, and HIST1H3C. The H3 K27M mutant protein is identified in tumor tissue by immunohistochemistry. As these mutations are clonal and homogeneous, the mutant protein is normally identified in all tumor cells. Here we report a case of diffuse midline glioma with mosaic pattern of expression of H3 K27M mutant protein and discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of this unusual pattern.

Epidemology: The role of the World Health Organization in the study of influenza

1980 ◽  
Vol 288 (1029) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World Health ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The World ◽  
Pandemic Strains ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (W.H.O.), since its inception in 1947, has given close attention to influenza. In its early years W.H.O. laid the foundations of its present network of over 100 national influenza centres and collaborating laboratories which today constitute the backbone of its influenza activities. The activities of the network include the isolation and characterization of influenza strains and the early notification of any changes in surface antigens, the preparation of reference reagents, standardization of diagnostic procedures, formulation of requirements for vaccines, training, and collaboration in research. The efficacy of the network has been proved in the 1957, 1968 and 1977 epidemics. Collaborative research organized by W.H.O. has made important contributions to our understanding of the epidemiology of influenza, including the possible role of lower animals as the origin of some pandemic strains. The latter subject is briefly discussed.

Mediastinoscopy: The Predictive Survival Value in Staging Carcinoma of the Lung

1978 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis W. Welsh ◽  
John J. Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Average Life Span ◽  
Metastatic Behavior ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Well Differentiated ◽  
Diagnosis Of Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Organization

One hundred and thirty-seven cases of Stage III lung cancer established by mediastinoscopy have been followed to determine their survival. The tissue was classified according to World Health Organization schema and the degree of dedifferentiation graded from well to poorly differentiated. Two percent of the presented cases are well-differentiated tumors; the remaining 98% are moderately well-differentiated (11%), or poorly differentiated or small cell tumors (87%). The degree of anaplasia suggests an increasingly aggressive metastatic behavior pattern. The average life span is approximately 5 1/2 months in all groups and subgroups which were studied. Recommendations are presented for the utilization of mediastinoscopy in Stage I and II cases. Further considerations are suggested for priority of diagnostic procedures in establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer.

scholarly journals Recent Changes of Classification for Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Head and Neck

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
pp. 829-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyung-Ja Cho ◽  
Joon Seon Song
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Oral Epithelial Dysplasia ◽  
Grading Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

Context.— Interpretation of atypical squamous lesions of the head and neck has always been a nettlesome task for pathologists. Moreover, many different grading systems for squamous intraepithelial lesions have been proposed in past decades. The recent World Health Organization 2017 classification presents 2 types of 2-tier systems for laryngeal and oral precursor lesions. Objective.— To review the recent changes in classification and the clinical significance for squamous intraepithelial lesions of the head and neck. Data Sources.— Personal experience and data from the literature. Conclusions.— The 2-tier grading system for laryngeal dysplasia, presented by World Health Organization in 2017, is expected to improve diagnostic reproducibility and clinical implication. However, the diagnostic criteria for low-grade dysplasia do not distinguish it clearly from basal cell hyperplasia. The World Health Organization 2017 classification of oral epithelial dysplasia remains unclear, and complicated and variable grading systems still make head and neck intraepithelial lesions difficult to interpret.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms – Classification, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options in the Light of Molecular Findings

2009 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Hellmann ◽  
Maria Bieniaszewska ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Myeloproliferative Disorders ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Molecular Aberrations

The discovery of specific molecular aberrations (gene fusions or mutations) has had a profound effect on the understanding and management of myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs). First, it has provided clear evidence that all of these disorders are of neoplastic origin. This fact resulted in the change of the nomenclature proposed in the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues 2008, where the term MPDs was replaced by myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Second, useful tools for diagnostic procedures were developed, i.e. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular assays. Thanks to this, previous complicated diagnostic algorithms could be simplified and the numerical value requirements could be lowered, making the diagnosis simpler and quicker. The other implication of the molecular findings in myeloproliferative neoplasms is derived from the fact that all discovered mutations result in translation of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity. So, nowadays the majority of myeloproliferative neoplasms can be treated with target therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

scholarly journals Glioblastoma Presenting with Steroid-Induced Pseudoregression of Contrast Enhancement on Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus D. Mazur ◽  
Vinh Nguyen ◽  
Daniel W. Fults
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Histological Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Symptom Improvement ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Final Histological Diagnosis ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

Corticosteroid-induced reduction in contrast enhancement on radiographic imaging is most commonly associated with lymphoma but has been reported in other entities, including glioma. This finding may represent a diagnostic dilemma. Concern that steroid-induced cytotoxicity obscures histological diagnosis of suspected lymphoma may lead to postponement of a biopsy. If glioma is not considered in the differential diagnosis, reduction in tumor contrast enhancement may be misinterpreted as disease regression rather than a transient radiographic change. We report a case of a patient with an enhancing right temporoparietal mass adjacent to the atrium of the lateral ventricle. After treatment with dexamethasone was started, the mass exhibited marked reduction in contrast enhancement, with symptom improvement. The clinical course suggested lymphoma, and surgery was not performed. Subsequent screening for extra-axial lymphoma was negative. Two weeks later, the patient developed worsening symptoms, and repeat T1-weighted imaging showed interval increase in size and enhancement. The findings suggested a possible diagnosis of malignant glioma. The patient underwent a stereotactic-guided craniotomy for excision of the right temporoparietal mass lesion. Final histological diagnosis was glioblastoma multiforme, World Health Organization grade IV.

scholarly journals Ocular tuberculosis: an update

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sharma ◽  
B Thapa ◽  
P Lavaju
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Ocular Tuberculosis ◽  
Ocular Manifestations ◽  
Keywords Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities ◽  
Health Organization

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a resurgent disease in the developed world. The World Health Organization estimates that one third of the world’s population is currently infected, with 9 million new cases occurring annually, leading to 3 million deaths per year (WHO Report, 2007). The disease affects the ocular anterior segment, the posterior segment, and adnexa. The purpose of this review is to describe the ocular manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and to emphasize the fact that ocular tuberculosis may occur in the absence of systemic clinical activity and may mimic several clinical entities. Various studies have shown a clinical significance of purified protein derivative test results and computerized tomography of the chest while, molecular diagnostic procedures have provided a new approach to establishing the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis. The current review focuses on the diagnostic modalities, various clinical features, and treatments for management of intraocular tuberculosis recommended in recent publications. It is an update on the manifestations and management of ocular tuberculosis. Keywords: tuberculosis; uveitis; choroiditis; granuloma; Mantoux Skin Test; Interferon-g release assays; anti tubercular treatment DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4280Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011;3(5):52-67

scholarly journals Myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 704-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Reiter ◽  
Jason Gotlib
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia ◽  
Molecular Abnormalities ◽  
Myeloid Neoplasms ◽  
Variable Sensitivity ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Molecular diagnostics has generated substantial dividends in dissecting the genetic basis of myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia. The family of diseases generated by dysregulated fusion tyrosine kinase (TK) genes is recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) category, “Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1, or with PCM1-JAK2.” In addition to myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), these patients can present with myelodysplastic syndrome/MPN, as well as de novo or secondary mixed-phenotype leukemias or lymphomas. Eosinophilia is a common, but not invariable, feature of these diseases. The natural history of PDGFRA- and PDGFRB-rearranged neoplasms has been dramatically altered by imatinib. In contrast, patients with FGFR1 and JAK2 fusion TK genes exhibit a more aggressive course and variable sensitivity to current TK inhibitors, and in most cases, long-term disease-free survival may only be achievable with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Similar poor prognosis outcomes may be observed with rearrangements of FLT3 or ABL1 (eg, both of which commonly partner with ETV6), and further investigation is needed to validate their inclusion in the current WHO-defined group of eosinophilia-associated TK fusion-driven neoplasms. The diagnosis chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL, NOS) is assigned to patients with MPN with eosinophilia and nonspecific cytogenetic/molecular abnormalities and/or increased myeloblasts. Myeloid mutation panels have identified somatic variants in patients with a provisional diagnosis of hypereosinophilia of undetermined significance, reclassifying some of these cases as eosinophilia-associated neoplasms. Looking forward, one of the many challenges will be how to use the results of molecular profiling to guide prognosis and selection of actionable therapeutic targets.

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