Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (8) ◽  
pp. 1263-1271
Author(s):  
Anne Marie McNicol
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
New Information ◽  
Autopsy Series ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Aggressive Tumor ◽  
Cortical Nodules

Abstract Context.—In surgical pathology practice adrenal cortical tumors are rare. However, in autopsy series adrenal cortical nodules are found frequently. These are now being identified more commonly in life when the abdomen is scanned for other disease. It is important to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions as adrenal cortical carcinoma is an aggressive tumor. Molecular genetic investigations are providing new information on both pathogenesis of adrenal tumors and basic adrenal development and physiology. Objective.—To provide an overview of current knowledge on adrenal cortical development and structure that informs our understanding of genetic diseases of the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical tumors. Data Sources.—Literature review using PubMed via the Endnote bibliography tool. Conclusions.—The understanding of basic developmental and physiologic processes permits a better understanding of diseases of the adrenal cortex. The information coming from investigation of the molecular pathology of adrenal cortical tumors is beginning to provide additional tests for the assessment of malignant potential in diagnosis but the mainstay remains traditional histologic analysis.

The Role of Chromogranin A in Adrenal Tumors

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-681
Author(s):  
Alexandra Mirica ◽  
Ioana Anca Badarau ◽  
Ana Maria Stefanescu ◽  
Radu Mirica ◽  
Sorin Paun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Adrenocortical Adenomas ◽  
Diagnostic Usefulness ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Dense Core Granules

Chromogranin A (CgA) is part of the family of granins, which are acidic glycoproteins that represent an important part of secretory dense core granules. They are specific to various neuroendocrine and endocrine tissues, as components of diffuse neuroendocrine system and endocrine glands. CgA is co-secreted and co-released in the circulation along with hormones, bioamines and peptides secreted from the neuroendocrine cells . In the last decade, studies have emphasized the major importance of serum CgA in the diagnosis and follow-up of neuroendocrine tumors such as gastroenteropancreatic tumors, pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma. But its diagnostic value for adrenocortical adenomas or for adrenal malignancy, is still controversial. The current study aims to provide a comprehensive review , for synthesizing current knowledge regarding corelations between plasma CgA concentration and various adrenal tumors. Furthermore, there will be also analyzed and synthesized the clinical applicability and the diagnostic usefulness of dosing CgA in adrenal pathology, both medullary and cortical benign and malignant lesions.

scholarly journals The Ocular Gene Delivery Landscape

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Bhubanananda Sahu ◽  
Isha Chug ◽  
Hemant Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
New Information ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

The eye is at the forefront of developing therapies for genetic diseases. With the FDA approval of the first gene-therapy drug for a form of congenital blindness, numerous studies have been initiated to develop gene therapies for other forms of eye diseases. These examinations have revealed new information about the benefits as well as restrictions to using drug-delivery routes to the different parts of the eye. In this article, we will discuss a brief history of gene therapy and its importance to the eye and ocular delivery landscape that is currently being investigated, and provide insights into their advantages and disadvantages. Efficient delivery routes and vehicle are crucial for an effective, safe, and longer-lasting therapy.

Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation of the Spleen

2013 ◽  
Vol 137 (9) ◽  
pp. 1309-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Pradhan ◽  
Sambit K. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Benign Lesion ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
Mitotic Figures

Sclerosing Angiomatoid Nodular Transformation (SANT) of the spleen is a rare benign lesion of the spleen with unknown etiology. SANT is classically considered to be a female-predominant disease, with most of the patients in the 30- to 60-year age group. Most lesions are found incidentally on imaging. Although SANT has specific imaging findings, the differential diagnosis from other splenic tumors or malignant lesions is very difficult. Histopathologically, these tumors reveal multiple confluent angiomatoid nodules; these nodules are surrounded by concentric collagen fibers exhibiting an inflammatory and myofibroblastic response and are accompanied by numerous erythrocytes and siderophages. The nodules are populated by endothelial cells, phenotypically recapitulating normal splenic vasculature, such as sinusoids, capillaries, and small veins. Nuclear atypia is minimal, mitotic figures are extremely rare, and necrosis is consistently absent. This lesion has a unique immunohistochemical profile characterized by CD34−CD31+CD8+ sinusoids, CD34+CD31+CD8− capillaries, and CD34−CD31+CD8− small veins. CD68 is positive in macrophages. Splenectomy is a useful and effective technique for the management of SANT. SANT patients have a good prognosis, with no recurrence after splenectomy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of SANT of the spleen and its clinical relevance.

Adenomyosis – its possible effect on endometrial function and receptivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209
Author(s):  
Karel Crha ◽  
◽  
Michal Ješeta ◽  
Radovan Pilka ◽  
Pavel Ventruba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Transvaginal Ultrasound ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
New Information

Summary Objective: There have been many studies on adenomyosis, which can impair the quality of life of a woman. There are various kinds of opinions on the pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment of adenomyosis. The goal of this article is to present the current knowledge of adenomyosis and its impact on the endometrial function and receptivity. Methods: PubMed/Medline, Web of Sciences and Scopus were searched for the articles in English indexed until February 2021 with terms of: adenomyosis, endometrial receptivity, and infertility. Results: Recent studies on angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the endometrium bring new information on the ethiology and pathogenesis of adenomyosis. In clinical practice, the main diagnostic methods of adenomyosis include transvaginal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging or hysteroscopy, although the definitive confirmation is set by histopathological examination. The rules of #Enzian classification of endometriosis should be applied for the classification of adenomyosis. The treatment of adenomyosis should consider individual clinical presentation and reproductive plans of a patient and should be performed in centers for the treatment of endometriosis. Conclusion: Adenomyosis affects endometrial vascularisation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition/mesenchymal-epithelial transition; thus, it can be the cause of irregular uterine bleeding or embryo implantation failure. The research and analysis of endometrial proteome could lead to the new ways of adenomyosis treatment.

scholarly journals Molecular Genetics and Fetal Brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Ana Stavljenic-Rukavina
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Ultrasound Assessment ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Genetically Determined ◽  
Risk Determinants

Abstract Molecular aspects of genetic diseases that affect the nervous system are in the focus of scientific interest investigators from many fields of medicine and the knowledge of genetic abnormalities as well as phenotypic heterogeneity is rapidly expanding. This review is aimed to provide clinician's practical insight into molecular aspects of certain brain abnormalities and disorders based on prenatal ultrasound assessment and clinical findings. Additionally some risk determinants are included in order to elucidate its contribution to molecular mechanism underlying the disease development. Making a specific diagnosis of a genetically determined neurological disorder or defects requires access to a laboratory that can assist in arranging for appropriate testing to be carried out. Therefore this review contains technological aspects of molecular genetic testing, international guidelines and policies related to genetic testing and recommendation for application in clinical medicine.

scholarly journals A Belief Update System Using an Event Model for Location of People in a Smart Home

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
Marie Bernert ◽  
Fano Ramparany
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
New Information ◽  
Event Model ◽  
Location Inference

AbstractArtificial Intelligence applications often require to maintain a knowledge base about the observed environment. In particular, when the current knowledge is inconsistent with new information, it has to be updated. Such inconsistency can be due to erroneous assumptions or to changes in the environment. Here we considered the second case, and develop a knowledge update algorithm based on event logic that takes into account constraints according to which the environment can evolve. These constraints take the form of events that modify the environment in a well-defined manner. The belief update triggered by a new observation is thus explained by a sequence of events. We then apply this algorithm to the problem of locating people in a smart home and show that taking into account past information and move’s constraints improves location inference.

scholarly journals Perioperative Management of Endocrine Active Adrenal Tumors

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentine Schreiner ◽  
Gurpreet Anand ◽  
Felix Beuschlein
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Adrenal Tumors ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Retrospective Data Analysis ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Weak Evidence

AbstractEndocrine active adrenal tumors are associated with a relevant risk of complications during surgery, either due to direct hemodynamic effects of the hormone excess or due to hormone related comorbidities. Over the last decades, careful preoperative evaluation and improved peri-interventional medical management of affected patients has resulted in a significant reduction of perioperative complications. In addition, improvement in anesthesia and surgical techniques with the feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy have contributed to reduce morbidity. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges to be considered in the perioperative care of these patients. Due to the rarity of functionally active adrenal tumors, there are no prospective data available to guide clinical management. Accordingly, most recommendations are based on retrospective data analysis, expert opinion or carry weak evidence based on small series or case reports. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge and to suggest practical approaches to reduce perioperative complications in endocrine active adrenal tumors. This review exclusively deals with data from adult patients with functionally active adrenal tumors.

scholarly journals Hypoxia and sterile inflammation in cystic fibrosis airways: mechanisms and potential therapies

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1600903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T. Montgomery ◽  
Marcus A. Mall ◽  
Anthony Kicic ◽  
Stephen M. Stick
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Sterile Inflammation ◽  
Hypoxic Cell ◽  
Neutrophilic Inflammation ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Airway

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common autosomal recessive genetic diseases in Caucasian populations. Diagnosisvianewborn screening and targeted nutritional and antibiotic therapy have improved outcomes, however respiratory failure remains the key cause of morbidity and mortality. Progressive respiratory disease in cystic fibrosis is characterised by chronic neutrophilic airway inflammation associated with structural airway damage leading to bronchiectasis and decreased lung function. Mucus obstruction is a characteristic early abnormality in the cystic fibrosis airway, associated with neutrophilic inflammation often in the absence of detectable infection. Recent studies have suggested a link between hypoxic cell death and sterile neutrophilic inflammation in cystic fibrosis and other diseasesviathe IL-1 signalling pathway. In this review, we consider recent evidence regarding the cellular responses to respiratory hypoxia as a potential driver of sterile neutrophilic inflammation in the lung, current knowledge on hypoxia as a pathogenic mechanism in cystic fibrosis and the potential for current and future therapies to alleviate hypoxia-driven sterile inflammation.

Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Grigg ◽  
David Kirshner
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Black And White ◽  
New Information ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come

Biology and Evolution of Crocodylians is a comprehensive review of current knowledge about the world's largest and most famous living reptiles. Gordon Grigg's authoritative and accessible text and David Kirshner's stunning interpretive artwork and colour photographs combine expertly in this contemporary celebration of crocodiles, alligators, caimans and gharials. This book showcases the skills and capabilities that allow crocodylians to live how and where they do. It covers the biology and ecology of the extant species, conservation issues, crocodylian–human interaction and the evolutionary history of the group, and includes a vast amount of new information; 25 per cent of 1100 cited publications have appeared since 2007. Richly illustrated with more than 500 colour photographs and black and white illustrations, this book will be a benchmark reference work for crocodylian biologists, herpetologists and vertebrate biologists for years to come. Winner of the 2015 Whitley Medal.

scholarly journals The Biological Bases of Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana I. Fernández ◽  
Raquel Yotti ◽  
Ana González-Mansilla ◽  
Teresa Mombiela ◽  
Enrique Gutiérrez-Ibanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
World Population ◽  
Pulmonary Hemodynamics ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Group 2

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially fatal condition with a prevalence of around 1% in the world population and most commonly caused by left heart disease (PH-LHD). Usually, in PH-LHD, the increase of pulmonary pressure is only conditioned by the retrograde transmission of the left atrial pressure. However, in some cases, the long-term retrograde pressure overload may trigger complex and irreversible biomechanical and biological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. This latter clinical entity, designated as combined pre- and post-capillary PH, is associated with very poor outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of this progression are poorly understood, and most of the current knowledge comes from the field of Group 1-PAH. Treatment is also an unsolved issue in patients with PH-LHD. Targeting the molecular pathways that regulate pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular remodeling has provided excellent results in other forms of PH but has a neutral or detrimental result in patients with PH-LHD. Therefore, a deep and comprehensive biological characterization of PH-LHD is essential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients and, eventually, identify new therapeutic targets. Ongoing research is aimed at identify candidate genes, variants, non-coding RNAs, and other biomarkers with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms potentially involved in PH-LHD. Signaling and effective pathways are particularly emphasized, as well as the current knowledge on -omic biomarkers. Our final aim is to provide readers with the biological foundations on which to ground both clinical and pre-clinical research in the field of PH-LHD.

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