Ambivalent Capitalists: The Roots of Fascist Ideology among Bohemian Nobles, 1880–1938

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eagle Glassheim
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Although fascism has often been considered a plebeian, even radically egalitarian ideology, many of its outspoken proponents were members of the old European elite: nobles, clericalists and representatives of the haute bourgeoisie. Historians of Nazi Germany have puzzled over the affinity of German conservatives such as Paul von Hindenburg and Franz von Papen to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist version of fascism. A small but extremely wealthy noble elite struggled to maintain its long-standing social, economic and political influence in Bohemia. By the late nineteenth century, the Bohemian nobility was a self-consciously traditional social group with a decidedly modern economic relationship to agrarian and industrial capitalism. This chapter examines the response of the Bohemian aristocracy to the new state of Czechoslovakia. This restricted caste of cosmopolitan latifundist families was more German than Czech in sentiment, and further alienated by land reform. The aristocrats entertained divergent assessments of Nazism and responded in different ways to the crisis of the state by 1938.

‘The Clach’: Alexander Mackenzie and the Land Question in the Late-Nineteenth Century Highlands and Islands

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Land Question

This article uses the career and writings of the Highland land reformer Alexander Mackenzie, to shed new light on the evolution of Highland land reform in the years leading up to the Crofters' Act of 1886. Mackenzie's output as a writer and journalist shows that his early experiences of living and working on the land are vital to understanding his approach to the land question, and led him to focus not on abstract or ideal principles but on building popular consensus to secure the most pressing reforms. This moderate and pragmatic approach was not universally popular though, especially among Mackenzie's more radical reformist contemporaries. The tensions these disagreements created are symptomatic of the problems that beset the ‘Crofting Community’ in the 1880s and ‘90s: problems that would eventually cause the land reform movement to split. Nevertheless, Mackenzie's influence on the Crofters’ War was huge, and deserves greater scholarly recognition.

The Audience of Ammianus Marcellinus and the Circulation of Books in the Late Roman World

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío N. Sánchez Vendramini
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Ammianus Marcellinus ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Late Roman ◽  
Book Circulation ◽  
Nineteenth Century Studies

AbstractSince the late nineteenth century, studies of Ammianus’ audience have reached widely divergent conclusions. Research has focused on two opposed theses: while some scholars have seen the pagan senatorial aristocracy as the audience of the Res Gestae, others have assigned that role to the imperial bureaucracy. However, in thinking that a work could reach—or target—exclusively the members of a specific social group, the prevalent views on Ammianus’ audience contradict what we know about the circulation of books in the late Roman world. In contrast to previous research, this study proposes a new approach based on an analysis of the information available on book circulation in Ammianus’ time. This analysis shows that the audience of the Res Gestae was most likely socially diverse.

‘Fishers of Men’: religion and political economy among colonized Tabwa

Africa ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen F. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Lake Tanganyika ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Opening Paragraph

Opening ParagraphIn the late nineteenth century, Catholic missionaries among Tabwa southwest of Lake Tanganyika (now Zaire) sought to create a cohesive community of African Christians. The priests prohibited communal practice of Tabwa religion in the vicinity of their churches (established at points of densest population) and appropriated important means of food production like river-fishing grounds, for their own exploitation or to reward those loyal to them. As they enhanced their own economic and political influence, they contributed to Tabwa anomie, rather than community.

Warrior Caste ‘Raja’ and Gentleman ‘Zamindar’: One Person's Experience in the Late Nineteenth Century

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela G. Price
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Major Part ◽  
English Language ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The aim of this paper is to interpret the life experience of a south Indian landholder at the end of the nineteenth century. The basis for interpretation comes from the author's analysis of the values of political economy among, chiefly, warrior castes as they adjusted to constraints of imperial rule from 1800 in Madras Presidency. The method of exposition is, for the most part, descriptive and narrative, with the intention of highlighting and contextualizing major concepts governing the man's thoughts and actions. Because the subject, a wealthy Tamil zamindar, kept English-language diaries, problems of cultural anachronism in the prose below are mitigated. Having the English vocabulary—or a small part of it—of our subject subverts the bugbear of ethnosociology, the cultural distortions inherent in using an alien language as one discusses the values of a social group. Contemporary newspaper commentary in English also lends cultural accuracy to the narrative. Memories of the subject linger still in Madurai Town, scene of many of his activities. I wrote the major part of the piece in Madurai and was honoured with a request to read it to the membership of the local Historical Society. That membership gave me paradoxical relief in saying of this cultural account, ‘She has told us nothing new about Baskara Setupati.’

The Politics of Rural Industrialization: Class, Gender, and Collective Protest in the Saxon Oberlausitz of the Late Nineteenth Century

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean H. Quataert
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
Class Formation ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural Industrialization ◽  
Late Nineteenth

History preserves numerous images of workers' protests. Both contemporaries and later historians, inspired by fear or enthusiasm, have scoured the records of the past for examples of popular rebellion, workplace militancy, or class mobilization. Indeed, a large literature exists that seeks to explain collective behavior by puzzling out the links between class formation and collective protest as well as the relationships between the individual's “objective” class situation and thought and action. But this literature—like the subjects of its inquiry itself—is in transition. It was once assumed that protest had its own iron logic and that “radical” consciousness was the necessary end product of the changing labor process under industrial capitalism; all other behavior was easily dismissed as “false” consciousness.

P. F. Johnson, nationalism, and Irish rural labourers, 1869–82

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (130) ◽  
pp. 191-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fintan Lane
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
National Level ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Perceived Needs ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Tenant Farmers ◽  
Land Question

In the late nineteenth century Irish rural labourers had few consistent advocates willing to pursue their social and economic claims at a national level. Those that did exist, such as P.F. Johnson of Kanturk, have generally managed to elude the scrutiny of historians. A number of studies on the Irish land question have referred to Johnson, but he has remained a shadowy figure despite his role as the leading labourers’ advocate between 1869 and 1882. Rural agitation during this period is most often associated with tenant farmers and their perturbations with regard to the prevailing land-tenure system and its administration. The rural working class, especially before 1885, had limited political influence, and neither the British government nor the Irish Parliamentary Party treated its claims with the seriousness that they accorded to the perceived needs of tenant farmers. Nonetheless, many commentators remarked on the wretched condition of the rural labouring population in Ireland, and it was undoubtedly the greatest demographic and socio-economic casualty of the Famine. Wages, working conditions, unemployment and underemployment, housing and access to land were all issues that agitated labourers in the late nineteenth century.

Reconstruction’s Revival

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Denomination ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter explores how missionary work that began as evangelical outreach developed into a system of shared grievances when African Americans began to see the meaningful parallels and symmetries between their own limited political influence in the Reconstruction South and African communities affected by colonialism. Drawing on the minutes of the annual meeting and publication records of the Mission Herald, the National Baptist Convention's monthly newsletter, the chapter traces African American engagement with Africa in the late nineteenth century through the transformation of a historically decentralized religious denomination into a collective space for civic mobilization, shaped by diasporic identification and linked social circumstances.

Select Document: Lord Carnarvon’s memoirs relating to his lord lieutenancy, c. 29 March to 7 April 1886

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (158) ◽  
pp. 247-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Reform Education ◽  
High Politics

AbstractThis article examines the memoirs written by Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth earl of Carnarvon, concerning his period as lord lieutenant of Ireland between June 1885 and January 1886, in the brief Salisbury administration. Carnarvon inherited many of the problems of his Liberal predecessor, fifth Earl Spencer, telling Salisbury ‘the day of reckoning in this case will come very rapidly if any unwise promises are made or implied’. Nevertheless he was sympathetic to reform in many different fields, notably home rule, land reform, education and religion. A sensitive politician, Carnarvon penned this memorandum shortly after leaving office in an attempt to uphold his reputation. The memorandum gives a number of insights into Carnarvon’s manoeuvrings in cabinet, and demonstrates the workings of high politics in the late-nineteenth century. It was never published.

scholarly journals Labour Commodification and Skilled Selves in Late Nineteenth-Century Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Maddison
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Change ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This article uses the concept of labour commodification to critique common historiographical portraits of skilled workers in transition to industrial capitalism. The meanings with which skilled workers in late nineteenth-century Australia understood their own labour went far beyond a repertoire of technical abilities. They viewed skill as a socio-biological disposition specific to a human type (adult, male, Anglo-Saxon), and this view intimately connected artisans' work and selfhood. Capitalist industrial change threatened to disrupt those connections. The notoriously exclusive union policies skilled workers invented can thus be seen as designed not simply to position their members more advantageously on the labour market, but to protect artisanal selves and identities from the corrosive effects of labour commodification.

In Defense of the City and the Polity: The Xuanmiao Monastery and the Qing Anti-Taiping Campaigns in Mid-Nineteenth Century Nanyang

T oung Pao ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-333
Author(s):  
Xun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Taiping Rebellion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Xixe Siecle ◽  
The City ◽  
Imperial State

AbstractThis paper examines the role played by the Quanzhen Daoist Xuanmiao monastery in the defense of Nanyang (Henan) during the Taiping rebellion. It shows that Daoist loyalty to the Qing state and to the local community did not just stem from the abbot's personal hatred of the Taiping; it also mirrored the monastery's established pattern of collaboration with the imperial state since the early Qing and its long history of ritual service to and economic involvement in the local community. Because of its wealth and cultural and political influence the Xuanmiao monastery functioned as a vital and dynamic actor in shaping the history and society of late nineteenth-century Nanyang. Cet article est consacré au rôle joué par un monastère taoïste Quanzhen, le Xuanmiao guan, dans la défense de Nanyang (Henan) pendant la rébellion des Taiping. Il montre que la loyauté des taoïstes envers l'État Qing et la communauté locale n'était pas simplement l'effet de la détestation qu'inspiraient les Taiping au supérieur du monastère; elle reflétait aussi un modèle bien établi de collaboration avec l'État impérial depuis le début des Qing, ainsi qu'une longue histoire de service rituel et d'intervention économique au bénéfice de la communauté. Grâce à sa richesse et à son influence politique et culturelle, le monastère Xuanmiao a été un acteur important et dynamique dans l'histoire et l'évolution sociale de Nanyang à la fin du xixe siècle.

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