Introduction

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Porfirio Diaz ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Modernization ◽  
National Power ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Political Turmoil

This book analyzes production and modernity in pre-revolutionary Mexico, focusing specifically on the relationship between labour, race, and the state in Chiapas during the Porfiriato. The thirty-five-year dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz (1876–1911) was a key period in the history of modern Mexico. Following upon fifty years of political turmoil and economic stagnation after independence, the regime oversaw an unprecedented period of growth and political modernization, which ended in the ‘first social revolution of the twentieth century’ (1910–20). In order to understand the twin processes of state formation and market development that took place in Mexico during these years, the book examines changing political, economic, and social relations in the southern state of Chiapas between Díaz's seizure of national power in the Tuxtepec rebellion of 1876 and the arrival of revolutionary troops in the state capital, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, in 1914. In this period Chiapas was subject to the same processes and tendencies that took place throughout the Mexican republic, which centred on rapid export-led development and growing political centralization. However, the state's distinct regional characteristics — notably its majority Mayan Indian population, polarized ethnic relations, strong historical and administrative links to Central America, and poor communications with the rest of Mexico — also contributed to the particular quality of modernization and modernity in Chiapas.

Livestock, Livelihood, and Agrarian Change in Andean Peru

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Puente
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agrarian Reform ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Community Members ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire Trajectory ◽  
The 19Th Century

Agrarian transformations in Andean Peru, subject to larger sociopolitical and economic processes, entailed major material, environmental, and biological changes. The long history of sheep introduction in Andean environments, its specific impact on the central highlands, and the making of an Andean breed of sheep—the oveja Junín—illustrate how such transformations shaped rural Peru as a societal space. Following larger environmental patters in Latin America, sheep became the dominant animal of the upper Andean regions, populating depleted landscapes and refashioning otherwise hostile environments as areas of agrarian productivity. Many of the transformations that occurred during colonial times, particularly the consolidation of the hacienda system and the rise of sheepherding as a form of peonage, served manifold purposes in the transition to the national period. While the 19th-century liberal obliteration of corporate identities and property obscured the legacy of indigenous communities, sheep continued to thrive and set the conditions for the incorporation of the Peruvian countryside into the global world economy. In the 20th century, with the parallel arrival of state and capital governance, transforming sheep and sheepherding from vernacular expressions of livelihood into advanced forms of modern agrarian industrialism merged together scientific and veterinarian knowledge with local understandings, producing the oveja Junín as the ultimate result. As sheepherding modernized based on efficient husbandry, sheep modernity efficiently nurtured rural developmentalism, bringing together communal and capitalist interests in unprecedented ways. The state-sponsored project of granjas comunales devoted to capital-intensive grazing economies reveals how husbandry and modern grazing activities both reinforced and transformed societal organization within indigenous communities, sanctioning existing differences while providing a vocabulary of capital for recasting their internal social relations of production. When the state envisioned the centralization of otherwise profitable communal grazing economies, through the allegedly empowering language of agrarian reform, the cooperativization of land, labor, and animals led to communal, family, and individual disenfranchisement. Indigenous community members, turned into campesinos, sought new battlegrounds for resisting state intromission. Eventually, the very biology of the oveja Junín as an exclusive domain of state and capital became the target of campesino sabotage. As the agrarian reform collapsed and revolution engulfed the countryside, rural livelihoods—sheep included—faced their ultimate demise, often with severe degrees of violence. In this entire trajectory, sheep—and the oveja Junín—ruled the upper regions of the Andes like no political power ever did.

BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE IMPERATIVE OF PRIORITIZING FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFRICA

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidi Anselm Odinkalu
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The State ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Human Reality ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Survival ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Human Rights Discourse

The quite complex problems of human and group survival in Africa do not easily lend themselves to diagnosis or solutions within the human rights frame of analysis. There are several reasons for this. Some arise from the recent and not–so–recent history of the continent, others are associated with the foundations and formulation of the human rights framework itself, and the rest with the orientation of those governments, individuals, and organizations involved in or entrusted with translating the promises of human rights into human reality. The invidious dichotomies within human rights discourse between civil, political, economic, social, cultural, and collective (solidarity) rights or the so–called “categories” or “generations” of human rights, with the attendant and implicit hierarchy among these categories of rights, fails to resonate with most people around the continent for whom contact with the state is a frightening prospect that defies such convenient intellectual categories.

scholarly journals CONCEPT AND CONTENT OF MILITARY SECURITY OF UKRAINE IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN CHALLENGES AND THREATS

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-47
Author(s):  
Y. Lutsenko
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
State Defense ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military

The article provides a scientific analysis of the problems that exist in the sphere of national security of Ukraine. The problems in the sphere of state security of Ukraine are investigated, the concept and content of military security of Ukraine are considered in the light of modern challenges and threats. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the presence of military security, many tasks can be solved to ensure national security and create the necessary conditions for the stable development of political, economic, social, environmental, spiritual, intellectual, demographic fundamentals of society's life. The work emphasizes that military security can not be achieved only through the organization of state defense, and is a complex category, which is closely connected with many spheres of social relations and life of the state. It is noted that military security is the foundation of national security, the basis of the country's independence. In connection with this, the military security of Ukraine as one of the priority (basic) types of national security of the state can not be considered separately from the development of political, economic, social processes both on the European continent and around the world, and some features of the geopolitical situation In many cases, the directions and tasks of Ukraine's foreign policy are determined near its borders.

scholarly journals ATMOSPHERE IN WORKPLACE MIRROR OF SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Kristína Králiková ◽  
◽  
Jozef Králik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Management Functions

The current atmosphere ruling in the society,the quality of created and contemporary relations among people are in principle simultaneously relatively faitfully projected into the relations inside the family, into the collective. Its approximate reflection is present, therefore, in the living working collective. Deformed social relations are deforming, what is clear, also the environment of economic relations. The atmosphere in the working place is immediately influencing the movement of social relations, from the atmosphere unreeled from the state of the society.However, the most dangerous for the society and its existence is the creation of such a situation and the social atmosphere that are directly determined and channeled by non legal and unrightful practices of concret individuals and groups which are typical for the so called social underworld.It is unavoidably necessary also to proceed to the revision of documents concerning the attained education in the interest of the optimal run of the state and its economics that are shoved by managers in all grades and levels of the state and its public administration management. Such a procedure in the private sector should be activated in the facultative base. It would be necessary to eliminate and to remove - on the basis of the exactly achieve results - from management processes and influence such persons that are not shoving the achieved declared education by the trustworthy way. It will be also necessary to analyze their justification and ways of their selection into the management functions together with the determination of the concrete personal responsibility for the contingent unstandard way in the selection process. After the moral and material social damages counting up it will be inevitably necessary to require the compensation from persons and institutions that caused the mentioned damagers.Means accumulated in such a way will be able to use for the development of public estates.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF BUDGET PLANNING IN CONDITIONS OF MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Posadnieva ◽  
Yana Rybitska
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
External Threats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of

The theoretical, methodological and practical principles of budget planning are considered in the work. The main economic and political factors that affect the quality of budget planning in a crisis economy are highlighted. The quality and efficiency of budget indicators planning during destructive events, internal and external threats are analyzed. The effectiveness of the state budget policy largely depends on effective budget planning. The principles of medium-term budget planning (Budget Declaration), which were introduced in our country and which aim to determine the general budget indicators for the next three years, should ensure the implementation of medium-term and long-term budget programs. However, the changing macroeconomic situation in the country and global economic challenges force the Budget Declaration to be revised annually. The main document of budget planning is the law on the State Budget of Ukraine for next year, and therefore the accuracy and completeness of its implementation depends on both medium-term budget planning and budget policy. The revenue part of the State Budget of Ukraine has a decisive influence on the formation expenditure’s part of the State Budget of Ukraine and a significant impact on the formation of local budgets. Therefore, the quality and accuracy of revenue planning is a necessary guarantee of socio-economic development of the state in the planned budget period. The execution of the revenue side of the state budget is also greatly influenced by foreign economic factors, which are not always predictable even for developed economies with a long history of budget risk forecasting, and for Ukraine sometimes become catastrophic, because our country does not have reserve funds as countries with developed economies. The purpose of the article is to consider and evaluate the theoretical and methodological and practical provisions of budget planning and develop on this basis practical recommendations for its improvement. In view of this, the paper revealed different approaches to the definition of «budget planning». The article considers the existing approaches to planning the revenue and expenditure side of the state budget. The authors identified factors that affect the quality of budget planning. The paper presents proposals for improving the efficiency of budget planning.

Landscapes of Teacher Education in South African History

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Embodied Learning ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Everyday Realities ◽  
Lived Spaces ◽  
Political Economic

The landscape of history of education has become transformed by approaches that up-end traditional assumptions of the vertical unidirectionality of power, policy, and discourse. These have been displaced by notions of relational comparison and crisscrossing entanglements that draw on Lefebvrian ideas of space and time. These ideas help to provide a sense of how the landscape of education can be understood as both a material and symbolic space, as apprehended, perceived, and lived space, in which social relations are constituted and constitutive of everyday realities. The history of South African education, and specifically its teacher education colleges, exemplifies how landscape can be defined and understood as such spaces. Its history can first be apprehended through different conceptual and historiographical approaches, taken over time, for understanding it. Second, the emergence of specific types of institutions, within colonial political, economic, and social frameworks that defined their physical location and unequal structure in terms of racially segregated and often gender-differentiated spaces, assists in an understanding of these as colonial remnants. The historical landscape of education remains as restructured and reconfigured spaces, in which institutions live on as much in social relations as in memory and in actual, but highly altered physical conditions. As lived spaces, third, historical landscapes of education also embodied learning spatial imaginaries, deeply ambivalent memories of formal and hidden curricula, of formative and shaping years, and as such become landscapes of memory and identity.

Democracy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Political History ◽  
The State ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Democratic Practices ◽  
History Of

This chapter seeks to bring out the interrelated quality of twentieth century discussions of democracy, drawing especially on debates in the 1930s and 1970s. It locates these within the longer history of the British conversation about democracy, a conversation that was both influenced by discussions elsewhere and informed by comparisons with, and imaginings of, other polities. It starts with an examination of the history of debating democracy in Britain and then turns to the British way of doing democracy. It argues that the former is essential to making sense of the latter. It moves on to consider how the British have done democracy, drawing upon an emerging cultural history of democratic practices. The final section offers thoughts on the prospects for the historiography of democracy in Britain, and on what its development so far says about the state of modern British political history.

Honduras: All-Purpose Militarization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Mani
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The State ◽  
Civilian Control ◽  
Civic Action ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Military

The Honduran military has a long history of established roles oriented toward both external defense and internal security and civic action. Since the end of military rule in 1982, the military has remained a key political, economic, and social actor. Politically, the military retains a constitutional mandate as guarantor of the political system and enforcer of electoral rules. Economically, its officers direct state enterprises and manage a massive pension fund obscured from public audit. Socially, the military takes on numerous civic action tasks—building infrastructure, conserving forests, providing healthcare, and policing crime—that make the state appear to be useful to its people and bring the military into direct contact with the public almost daily. As a result, the military has ranked high in public trust in comparison with other institutions of the state. Most significantly, the military has retained the role of arbiter in the Honduran political system. This became brutally clear in the coup of 2009 that removed the elected president, Manuel Zelaya. Although new rules enhancing civilian control of the military had been instituted during the 1990s, the military’s authority in politics was restored through the coup that ousted Zelaya. As no civilian politician can succeed without support for and from the military, the missions of the armed forces have expanded substantially so that the military is an “all-purpose” institution within a remarkably weak and increasingly corrupt state.

THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL ENTERPRISES IN THE ZARAVSHAN LOWLAND TERRITORY

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Doston Ashurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of

The article presents the state policy aimed at creating small enterprises in Uzbekistan and the historical path of development of small businesses in the lower reaches of the Zaravshan. When studying the archival documents of the first years of independence, materials were revealed on attracting foreign investments, equipment to the region, for creating joint ventures. On the basis of statistical data, the state of small businesses in various industries was analyzed and proposals were made to improve the quality of services provided to small businesses.

scholarly journals “We Had to Pay to Live!”

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-164
Author(s):  
Wil G. Pansters
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
Political Economic

This article examines the emergence of self-defense forces (autodefensas) in Michoacán (Mexico) in the context of relationships between drug trafficking and the state, concentrating on the recent history of fragmentation, disorder, and violence. It traces how these processes generated comprehensive criminal sovereignty projects, which then triggered the emergence of armed defense forces in both indigenous and mestizo communities. Recent developments in Michoacán are described in light of anthropological theorizing about the relations between sovereignty, state-making, and (dis)ordering. The analysis elucidates the triangular dynamics of sovereignty-making among organized crime, the state, and armed citizens. Special attention is given to state interventions to dismantle de facto self-defense sovereignties because these have created an unstable and violent situation. It is argued that sovereignty-making is territorial and historical, and that it is embedded in political, economic, and cultural identities.

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