Brief Report: Results of Third-Grade Students in a Reform Curriculum on the Illinois State Mathematics Test

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242
Author(s):  
William M. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
National Council ◽  
Elementary Curriculum ◽  
Reform Curriculum ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Traditional Curricula

Over the past decade, there has been a call for major reforms in mathematics education, from classrooms where students memorize facts and practice algorithms to classrooms in which reasoning and understanding are given more emphasis (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM], 1989, 1991, 1995). In response, a number of curricula have been developed that attempt to meet this vision. One reform curriculum in widespread usage is the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project's (UCSMP) elementary curriculum, Everyday Mathematics. In the UCSMP curriculum, students work in small groups exploring mathematics in real-life contexts, using calculators, manipulatives, and other mathematical tools from kindergarten onward. In contrast to traditional curricula, students are encouraged to use these tools or to “invent” their own computational algorithms to solve problems, and the sharing of their alternative solution methods is a regular part of class discussions. Additionally, problems are nearly always application-based and never presented as sets of symbolic problems. For example, in a second-grade UCSMP lesson, students are given a picture depicting various animals and their heights or lengths. During this activity, students work in small groups to construct number stories that compare the animal heights and then to find a solution method. In the follow-up discussion, students share their stories and solution procedures and offer alternative methods.

Assessment of a Problem-Centered Second-Grade Mathematics Project

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cobb ◽  
Terry Wood ◽  
Erna Yackel ◽  
John Nicholls ◽  
Grayson Wheatley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
National Council ◽  
Pedagogical Beliefs ◽  
School Year ◽  
Computational Performance ◽  
Teachers Beliefs ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
And Task

Ten second-grade classes participated in a year-long project in which instruction was generally compatible with a socioconstructivist theory of knowledge and recent recommendations of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. At the end of the school year, the 10 project classes were compared with 8 nonproject classes on a standardized achievement test and on instruments designed to assess students' computational proficiency and conceptual development in arithmetic, their personal goals in mathematics, and their beliefs about reasons for success in mathematics. The levels of computational performance were comparable, but there were qualitative differences in arithmetical algorithms used by students in the two groups. Project students had higher levels of conceptual understanding in mathematics; held stronger beliefs about the importance of understanding and collaborating; and attributed less importance to conforming to the solution methods of others, competitiveness, and task-extrinsic reasons for success. Responses to a questionnaire on pedagogical beliefs indicated that the project teachers' beliefs were more compatible with a socioconstructivist perspective than were those of their nonproject colleagues.

Fostering Mathematical Creativity Through Problem Posing and Three-Act Tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Wendy M. Lewis ◽  
Madelyn W. Colonnese
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Mathematical Creativity ◽  
National Association ◽  
Problem Posing ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
National Council ◽  
Second Grade Students ◽  
Concrete Manipulatives

The National Association for Gifted Children and The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics both call for problem posing. This article illustrates the strategies used during a series of three Three-Act Tasks to foster second grade students’ abilities to problem pose. The students’ problem posing improved across the three Three-Act Tasks and revealed mathematically creative thinking. To support and encourage the students to problem pose, the teacher asked generative questions, modeled various problems, provided concrete manipulatives, and had the students create their own sequel to the Three-Act Tasks.

The customization of corporate reporting as a new development phase of the practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1033-1053
Author(s):  
Zhanna E. KASHCHINA
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
The Real ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
New Development

Subject. This article discusses the trends in the development of corporate reporting. Objectives. The study aims to prove or debunk the hypothesis that currently users of accounting and reporting data actively seek to access primary data on business facts in the real life format. To demonstrate the existing tendency of reporting customization, the study uses the concept of personalized reporting. Methods. Studying the analysis of accounting data, I applied the methods of comprehensive, critical, logic, and statistical analyses. Results. I applied the direct survey method to collect data of 300 companies. I proved that users of accounting data and financial statements are very interested in detailed data on the company’s business facts in the real life format. Furthermore, the article mentions alternative methods for corporate reporting presentation, which could be used to make more precise forecasts on the future performance and the financial position of the companies. The findings prove the relevance of the proposed methods and customized reporting in particular. Conclusions and Relevance. The study corroborated the hypothesis stating that today users strongly need customized reports, becoming more and more popular in practice.

Fuzzy MCDM Approach for Make or Buy Decision Problem

2014 ◽  
pp. 978-995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferhan Çebi ◽  
İrem Otay ◽  
Dilay Çelebi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Problem ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Manufacturing Strategy ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Simple Additive Weighting ◽  
A Company

Make or buy decision answers a fundamental question in the development of a manufacturing strategy. It requires consideration of both quantitative and qualitative factors diverging in a broad range. This study presents a two-stage decision model which incorporates fuzzy multi-criteria decision making methods to support make or buy decision of a company operating in the wood building products sector. The first stage comprises fuzzy SAW (Simple Additive Weighting) method to evaluate the decision on market entry, then the second stage integrates fuzzy SAW and fuzzy VIKOR (Multi-criteria optimization and compromise solution) methods to evaluate sourcing options. Proposed approach is demonstrated on an example invoked from a real-life problem. Then, sensitivity analysis is conducted to test the robustness of the models.

The multi resource leveling and materials procurement problem: an integrated approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 2135-2161
Author(s):  
Hessa Almatroushi ◽  
Moncer Hariga ◽  
Rami As'ad ◽  
AbdulRahman Al-Bar
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Project Scheduling ◽  
Lot Sizing ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Project Schedule ◽  
Sequential Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ordering Policy ◽  
Solution Methods

PurposeThis paper proposes an integrated approach that seeks to jointly optimize project scheduling and material lot sizing decisions for time-constrained project scheduling problems.Design/methodology/approachA mixed integer linear programming model is devised, which utilizes the splitting of noncritical activities as a mean toward leveling the renewable resources. The developed model minimizes renewable resources leveling costs along with consumable resources related costs, and it is solved using IBM ILOG CPLEX optimization package. A hybrid metaheuristic procedure is also proposed to efficiently solve the model for larger projects with complex networks structure.FindingsThe results confirmed the significance of the integrated approach as both the project schedule and the material ordering policy turned out to be different once compared to the sequential approach under same parameter settings. Furthermore, the integrated approach resulted in substantial total costs reduction for low values of the acquiring and releasing costs of the renewable resources. Computational experiments conducted over 240 test instances of various sizes, and complexities illustrate the efficiency of the proposed metaheuristic approach as it yields solutions that are on average 1.14% away from the optimal ones.Practical implicationsThis work highlights the necessity of having project managers address project scheduling and materials lot sizing decisions concurrently, rather than sequentially, to better level resources and minimize materials related costs. Significant cost savings were generated through the developed model despite the use of a small-scale example which illustrates the great potential that the integrated approach has in real life projects. For real life projects with complex network topology, practitioners are advised to make use of the developed metaheuristic procedure due to its superior time efficiency as compared to exact solution methods.Originality/valueThe sequential approach, wherein a project schedule is established first followed by allocating the needed resources, is proven to yield a nonoptimized project schedule and materials ordering policy, leading to an increase in the project's total cost. The integrated approach proposed hereafter optimizes both decisions at once ensuring the timely completion of the project at the least possible cost. The proposed metaheuristic approach provides a viable alternative to exact solution methods especially for larger projects.

Language Activities That Promote Awareness of Mathematics

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
James S. Cangelosi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematics Education ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Real World ◽  
Real Life ◽  
National Council ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
The Real ◽  
Education Literature ◽  
Teaching Of Mathematics ◽  
Primary Focus

Developing students' abilities to rcason with mathematics and apply mathematics to the solution of problems occurring in the real world hould be a primary focus of school mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 1980). However, most mathemati cal curricula seem to place more emphasis on memorization of fact and algorithm than on reasoning and problem solving (Romberg and Carpenter 1986). The mathematics education literature abound with ideas for reversing the emphasis on memorization and for guiding the teaching of mathematics so that it has real-life meaning for children. Included among the idea are the following:

Generalization and extension of the angular density representation in neutron transport analysis

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1007-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archie A. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Transport Theory ◽  
Neutron Transport ◽  
Order Approximation ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Angular Variable ◽  
Angular Density ◽  
Neutron Transport Theory ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Transport Analysis

A generalization of the angular density representation, designated by the acronym NPL, is formulated within the context of one-group neutron transport theory. The distinguishing feature of this formalism consists of the use of partial-range Legendre polynomials over arbitrary intervals of the angular variable. This NPL formalism is subsequently examined for its orthogonality and recurrence properties. It is further shown that several widely used solution methods of one-group neutron transport theory are but special cases of this more inclusive representation.An indication of the computational usefulness of this NPL representation is demonstrated by calculating the inverse diffusion length. Using a low-order approximation it is found that by a suitable choice of the angular segmentation, better numerical accuracy may be obtained in highly absorbing media when compared with alternative methods of comparable complexity.The NPL formalism may be viewed as a continuation of the analytical trend which led from the PL to the DPL formalism. Alternatively, it may be viewed as a natural consequence of the desirability to specify angular structures specifically adapted to problems of neutron transport involving highly varying angular densities. Deep neutron penetration calculations represent one such class of problems.

scholarly journals Experiential learning in public health: evaluation of a health promotion campaign assessment for pharmacy students

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
Simon White ◽  
Alison Gifford ◽  
Martin Frisher
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Health Promotion Campaign ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Promotion Campaigns

Description: Students in small groups designed, delivered and evaluated real-life health promotion campaigns in the local community. A peer assessed component was included from the fifth cohort onwards. Evaluation: Six successive cohorts of pharmacy students anonymously completed an evaluation questionnaire after finishing the assessment. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were undertaken on the data. The results showed that consistently more respondents reported the assessment as a positive experience than a negative experience. Significantly more respondents reported peer assessment as being useful and group members equally contributing to campaign planning in the cohorts with peer assessment compared to the pre-peer assessment cohorts, but peer assessment did not significantly affect enjoyment ratings. Respondents’ reported enjoyment of the assessment was significantly associated with agreement that it prepared them for health promotion in practice. Conclusions: Pharmacy students perceived the health promotion campaign assessment as appropriately challenging and enjoyable preparation for health promotion in practice.

scholarly journals X-ray versus computerized tomography (CT) images for detection of COVID-19 using deep learning

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1292
Author(s):  
Nandish Siddeshappa ◽  
Tejashri Varur ◽  
Krithika Subramani ◽  
Siddhi Puranik ◽  
Niranjana Sampathila
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Training Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Time Required

Background: The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease corresponding to it (coronavirus disease 2019; COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 has become a global crisis, shattering health care systems, and weakening economies of most countries. The current methods of testing that are employed include reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), rapid antigen testing, and lateral flow testing with RT-PCR being used as the golden standard despite its accuracy being at a mere 63%. It is a manual process which is time consuming, taking about an average of 48 hours to obtain the results. Alternative methods employing deep learning techniques and radiologic images are up and coming. Methods: In this paper, we used a dataset consisting of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 folders for both X-Ray and CT images which contained a total number of 17,599 images. This dataset has been used to compare 3 (non-pre-trained) CNN models and 5 pre-trained models and their performances in detecting COVID-19 under various parameters like validation accuracy, training accuracy, validation loss, training loss, prediction accuracy, sensitivity and the training time required, with CT and X-Ray images separately. Results: Xception provided the highest validation accuracy (88%) when trained with the dataset containing the X- ray images while VGG19 provided the highest validation accuracy (81.2%) when CT images are used for training. Conclusions: The model, VGG16, showed the most consistent performance, with a validation accuracy of 76.6% for CT images and 87.76% for X-ray images. When comparing the results between the modalities, models trained with the X-ray dataset showed better performances than the same models trained with CT images. Hence, it can be concluded that X-ray images provide a higher accuracy in detecting COVID-19 making it an effective method for detecting COVID-19 in real life.

Advanced calculators and advanced-level mathematics

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (471) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Kenneth Ruthven
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
New Technology ◽  
National Council ◽  
Mathematics Courses ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Graphic Calculators

In July 1988, six small groups of teachers, from Bury, Essex, East Sussex, Leicestershire, Northamptonshire and Suffolk, met together to launch the Graphic Calculators in Mathematics project, sponsored by the National Council for Educational Technology. Each group was locally coordinated by an adviser or advisory teacher, while I was on 0.2 secondment to act as national coordinator of the project. Over the following two years, the project teachers worked with classes of students who had permanent access to graphic calculators throughout their advanced-level mathematics courses. Rather than following any prescribed programme of calculator activities, the teachers were free to plan the work of their classes within the normal syllabus constraints, meeting together from time to time to exchange ideas and review progress. In this article, I want to draw on experience from this project to discuss two major issues that new technology raises for advanced-level mathematics.

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