Segregated Ballast VLCCs: An Economic and Pollution Abatement Analysis

1973 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 334-363
Author(s):  
Peter M. Kimon ◽  
Ronald K. Kiss ◽  
Joseph D. Porricelli
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Accidental Pollution ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Double Skin ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Sensitivity

This paper presents the results of a study of very large crude carriers (VLCCs) to determine the cost and effectiveness of variations in the capacity of segregated ballast and variations in arrangement expected to reduce oil pollution due to operational and accidental causes. The arrangements considered include double bottoms, double sides, double skin, and alternating cargo and ballast wing tanks. The paper concentrates on a series of 250,000-dwt tankers, but does consider the influence of size by including results for tankers of 120,000 dwt and 477,000 dwt. The degree of effectiveness is estimated for both operational and accidental pollution based on the best available data. Sensitivity studies are provided to check general conclusions. Finally, estimates of the cost of preventing one cubic meter of oil pollution with each design are presented. A discussion of operating factors subject to a reduction in performance as a result of design features is given.

Optimizing Skyscrapers' Spatial Integrated DSF-MTMD System Under Wind Loads

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Lavan ◽  
Liran Anaby
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Tall Buildings ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Wind Loads ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Wind Effects ◽  
Mass Damper ◽  
Double Skin ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Formal Optimization

<p>From a structural engineering point of view, wind effects pose one of the major challenges to tall buildings. From a performance/architectural point of view, climatologic aspects pose a major challenge. Remedies for each challenge separately have been proposed. One of the remedies for wind effects is the Tunes-Mass-Damper (TMD) or multiple TMD's. To mitigate climatological issues, the Double-Skin-Façade (DSF) has been developed. Recently it has been suggested to take advantage of the space between the two skins of the DSF system to allocate TMD's.</p><p>In this work, another step is taken towards a single remedy for both challenges. A modified version of the TMD-DSF system proposed by Moon (2016) is presented. That is, parts of the mass of the DSF envelope itself are used as part of a multiple TMD (MTMD) system. This is obtained by connecting these parts to the building using springs and dampers while allowing the DSF to move parallel to the floor edges. Furthermore, the DSF-MTMD system is optimized using a formal optimization approach. The optimization indicates which parts of the envelope should be connected to the building rigidly and which should be used as TMD's. Furthermore, the properties of the springs and the dampers are determined by minimizing the cost associated with transforming the DSF system to a DSF-MTMD system and limiting wind responses to desired values.</p>

scholarly journals Axial Behavior of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular Stub Columns Incorporating PVC Pipes

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Muhammmad Faisal Javed ◽  
Haris Rafiq ◽  
Mohsin Ali Khan ◽  
Fahid Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Ali Musarat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Tube ◽  
Tube Material ◽  
Steel Tubes ◽  
Tubular Columns ◽  
Axial Capacity ◽  
Double Skin ◽  
Axial Behavior ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stub Columns

This experimental study presents concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns and demonstrates their expected advantages. These columns consist of an outer steel tube, an inner steel tube, and concrete sandwiched between two tubes. The influence of the outer-to-inner tube dimension ratio, outer tube to thickness ratio, and type of inner tube material (steel, PVC pipe) on the ultimate axial capacity of concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns is studied. It is found that the yield strength of the inner tube does not significantly affect the ultimate axial capacity of concrete-filled double-skin tubular composites. With the replacement of the inner tube of steel with a PVC pipe, on average, less than 10% strength is reduced, irrespective of size and dimensions of the steel tube. Hence, the cost of a project can be reduced by replacing inner steel tubes with a PVC pipes. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the existing design methods presented in AISC 360-16 (2016), GB51367 (2019), and EC4 (2004). It is found from the comparison that GB51367 (2019) gives better results, followed by AISC (2016) and EC4 (2004).

Cost Comparison of Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging and Flip Chip Packaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Wafer Level Packaging ◽  
Flip Chip Packaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, there has been increased focus on fan-out wafer level packaging with the growing inclusion of a variety of fan-out wafer level packages in mobile products. While fan-out wafer level packaging may be the right solution for many designs, it is not always the lowest cost solution. The right packaging choice is the packaging technology that meets design requirements at the lowest cost. Flip chip packaging, a more mature technology, continues to be an alternative to fan-out wafer level packaging. It is important for many in the electronic packaging industry to be able to determine whether flip chip or fan-out wafer level packaging is the most cost-effective option. This paper will compare the cost of flip chip and fan-out wafer level packaging across a variety of designs. Additionally, the process flows for each technology will be introduced and the cost drivers highlighted. A variety of package sizes, die sizes, and design features will be covered by the cost comparison. Yield is a key component of cost and will also be considered in the analysis. Activity based cost modeling will be used for this analysis. With this type of cost modeling, a process flow is divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity is accumulated. The cost of each activity is determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, labor required, material required (consumable and permanent), capital required, and yield loss. The goal of this cost comparison is to determine which design features drive a design to be packaged more cost-effectively as a flip chip package, and which design features result in a lower cost fan-out wafer level package.

Water pollution abatement cost function: methodological issues and an application to small-scale factories in an industrial estate in India

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
BISHWANATH GOLDAR ◽  
SMITA MISRA ◽  
BADAL MUKHERJI
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Industrial Estate ◽  
Pollution Abatement Cost ◽  
The Cost

Formulation and estimation of a correctly specified abatement cost function would be central to policy formulation regarding imposing taxes or user-fees as well as of sharing social cost in the presence of environmental pollution. Often in research, the output of an abatement activity for water pollution appears to us not to have been clearly specified. This activity is very distinct from whatever is the actual product of the plant. We propose in this paper that the output is only and exclusively the reduction in the level of the pollutant in the outflow from the plant and illustrate this with primary data for small-scale factories in Nandesari Industrial Estate in Gujarat, India. The cost function estimates provide evidence of significant scale economies and high marginal abatement cost in wastewater treatment by small-scale factories.

Measuring the cost of environmentally sustainable industrial development in India: a distance function approach

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Murty ◽  
Surender Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Distance Function ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Shadow Prices ◽  
Indian Industry ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Indian Industries

This paper attempts to estimate the maintenance cost of water pollution abatement measures to the Indian industry using the methodology of distance function in the theory of production. The distance function is estimated using both programming and stochastic frontier models for a sample of water polluting industries in India. The firm-specific shadow prices for pollutants, measures of efficiency, and scale economies are estimated. Estimates show that on average the cost to the Indian industry for reducing one ton of BOD and COD are respectively, Rs 0.246 and 0.077 million. Large differences in the estimates of firm-specific shadow prices of pollutants reflect the use of inefficient water pollution abatement technologies. The relationships between firm-specific shadow prices or marginal costs of abatement of BOD and COD and the index of compliance (ratio of effluent load to sale value) and the pollution load reductions obtained confirm the earlier empirical results of studies on water pollution abatement in Indian industries. The earlier studies have found increasing marginal costs with respect to reductions in pollution concentrations and decreasing marginal cost with respect to the pollution loads reduced by the firms.

Liabilities of industry stakeholders for pollution caused in Australian waters

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 719
Author(s):  
Simon Ball
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Productivity Commission ◽  
Commission Report ◽  
Pollution Event ◽  
The Cost ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
Offshore Petroleum

There is no doubt that the recent Montara and Deepwater Horizon oil spills were catastrophic; the clean up continues and litigation is likely to drag on for several years. Who is held liable for the cost and clean up of an oil pollution event? Are these spills likely to change the field—if so, in what ways? Will the present contracting and insurance practices of Australian industry players be sufficient to protect them in the future? Offshore petroleum and gas production activities are covered by a range of sometimes confusing international, federal and state or territory laws. Operators, directors, contractors, financiers, co-venturers and other stakeholders may all have legal responsibilities in relation to pollution and other environmental impacts of offshore exploration and production activities. The Montara Commission of Inquiry has not yet been released, but the 2009 Productivity Commission Report has already focused attention on these issues. With reference to contracting practices in the Australian offshore petroleum and gas production industry—in particular indemnities and provisions purporting to limit or exclude liability—this paper outlines the potential extent of stakeholders’ liabilities under relevant international conventions, federal and state or territory legislation, and the common law. It considers the effect of anticipated changes to the operating environment in Australia and lessons to be learned after Montara. This paper will be of interest to any prudent investors, operators or others involved in the industry.

Combustion in a high-speed rotary valve spark-ignition engine

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
P H P Chow ◽  
H C Watson ◽  
T Wallis
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Rotary Valve ◽  
Combustion Simulation ◽  
Parametric Effects ◽  
Sensitivity Studies ◽  
Valve Engine ◽  
Data Sensitivity

The current paper describes a study of combustion in the Bishop rotary valve engine by means of computation simulations. The combustion model was developed for this research at speeds up to 18 000 r/min and the results from the simulation were compared with experimental data. Sensitivity studies were performed in order to investigate the parametric effects on the combustion simulation of the engine. The major finding of this study was that convection of the flame kernels occurs and has a strong influence on the performance of the engine. The results indicated some insights as to how the combustion process of the engine can be improved.

THE MARITIME ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM FOR THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION FROM VESSELS

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Steinman ◽  
ChappelWalter B.
Keyword(s):  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Monitoring And Control Systems ◽  
Oily Water ◽  
Discharge Monitoring ◽  
Oily Waste ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of the Maritime Administration (MarAd) program to abate and control oil pollution from ships. The main thrust of the program is in the prevention of oil pollution through cost effective measures which would maintain the competitive position of the U.S. merchant fleet. The paper discusses such pollution abatement features as oil discharge monitoring and control systems, oily water separators, oily waste slop tanks, collision avoidance radar, and inert gas systems that are required to be installed on vessels that receive government financial assistance in the form of construction differential subsidy. In addition, the paper addresses the environmental and economic impact of the 1973 International Marine Pollution Convention on the Maritime Administration Tanker Construction Program, particularly as it relates to the IMCO segregated ballast requirements, improved Load-on-Top (LOT) procedures, and port reception facilities. Finally, recommendations for future action to abate ship-generated pollution at the national and international levels are provided.

Estimating the Cumulative Cost of OPA 90 to Private Industry

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Edward J. Maillett ◽  
Gary A. Yoshioka
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Discounted Cost ◽  
Response Planning ◽  
Cumulative Cost ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to estimate the cumulative cost incurred by private industry as a result of the various regulations enacted under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) and to compare these costs against the estimated effectiveness of the program in terms of avoided future oil spills. The authors reviewed Federal Register announcements of federal agency rulemakings to identify estimated costs to industry and to determine if reported costs are one-time occurrences for capital-related expenditures or represent annual estimates for repeated activities. The authors then estimated the total costs of each rulemaking through the year 2015. The costs of regulations implemented under OPA 90 that impact the private sector range from zero to $3.5 billion in discounted dollars. Based on these individual government estimates for each OPA 90 regulation, the authors estimate the discounted cost to industry to comply with all of the OPA 90 requirements to be $12.1 billion, the largest portion of which affects the marine vessel industry. Total benefits of the rulemakings are estimated to exceed 3.6 million barrels of avoided oil spills through the year 2015. Over one-half of this benefit estimate results from the facility response planning requirements for non-transportation-related on-shore facilities and pipelines. The cost effectiveness of regulations implemented under OPA 90 ranges between several hundred dollars to over $26,000 per barrel of avoided oil spill.

The Cost of Certainty in Natural Resource Damage Assessment Under the Oil Pollution Act of 19901

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robert Greene
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hedonic Price Models ◽  
Habitat Equivalency Analysis ◽  
Natural Resource Damage Assessment ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT Pursuant to the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90), natural resource trustees are empowered to seek recovery for damages to natural resources caused by discharges of oil and/or certain threats of discharges of oil. To determine the proper amount of damages, trustees undertake the process of “scaling,” which is an attempt to calculate the size of restoration actions that would be required to expedite recovery of injured natural resources to baseline and compensate the public for interim lost resources and services. Trustees utilize various scaling methods, including service-to-service methods, such as habitat equivalency analysis, and value-to-value methods, such as hedonic price models and contingent valuation. Regardless of the method chosen, however, the scaling is directly dependent on the level of injury caused by a spill. Disputes between trustees and those parties designated as responsible for the spill (responsible parties or RPs) often occur in determining the level of injury. In many cases, as a result of either these disputes or the trustees' desire to determine the precise level of injury, trustees undertake costly and time-consuming injury studies. These studies oftentimes are inefficient because the resulting gains in certainty often are achieved through disproportionately expensive studies relative to the resulting gains in restoration. In certain instances, attempts to achieve greater certainty can destroy an otherwise efficient and cooperative restoration effort and run contrary to the OPA 90 regulations. Such attempts also can lead to costly litigation for both the public and the RP involved. Lastly, attempts to achieve greater certainty during injury assessment can unnecessarily increase the scale of compensatory restoration because of delays in implementing restoration actions. Both trustees and RPs must recognize those instances in which achieving greater certainty leads to increased costs to both the public and the RP. In such situations, stipulating to certain injury assumptions can lead to overall net gains for both the public and the RP. These stipulations can be used to induce RPs to increase other aspects of the restoration, thereby increasing overall gains for the public at less cost to the RP.

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