Analyzing the Impact of Cybersecurity on Monitoring and Control Systems in the Energy Sector

Monitoring and control systems in the energy sector are specialized information structures that are not governed by the same information technology standards as the rest of the world’s information systems. Such industrial control systems are also used to handle important infrastructures, including smart grids, oil and gas facilities, nuclear power plants, water management systems, and so on. Industry equipment is handled by systems connected to the internet, either via wireless or cable connectivity, in the present digital age. Further, the system must work without fail, with the system’s availability rate being of paramount importance. Furthermore, to certify that the system is not subject to a cyber-attack, the entire system must be safeguarded against cyber security vulnerabilities, threats, and hazards. In addition, the article looks at and evaluates cyber security evaluations for industrial control systems, as well as their possible impact on the accessibility of industrial control system operations in the energy sector. This research work discovers that the hesitant fuzzy-based method of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is an operational procedure for estimating industrial control system cyber security assessments by understanding the numerous characteristics and their impacts on cyber security industrial control systems. The author evaluated the outputs of six distinct projects to determine the quality of the outcomes and their sensitivity. According to the results of the robustness analysis, alternative 1 shows the utmost effective cybersecurity project for the industrial control system. This research work will be a conclusive reference for highly secure and managed monitoring and control systems.

Multi-Classifier of DDoS Attacks in Computer Networks Built on Neural Networks

The great commitment in different areas of computer science for the study of computer networks used to fulfill specific and major business tasks has generated a need for their maintenance and optimal operability. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) is a frequent threat to computer networks because of its disruption to the services they cause. This disruption results in the instability and/or inoperability of the network. There are different classes of DDoS attacks, each with a different mode of operation, so detecting them has become a difficult task for network monitoring and control systems. The objective of this work is based on the exploration and choice of a set of data that represents DDoS attack events, on their treatment in a preprocessing phase, and later, the generation of a model of sequential neural networks of multi-class classification. This is done to identify and classify the various types of DDoS attacks. The result was compared with previous works treating the same dataset used herein. We compared their classification method, against ours. During this research, the CIC DDoS2019 dataset was used. Previous works carried out with this dataset proposed a binary classification approach, our approach is based on multi-classification. Our proposed model was capable of achieving around 94% in metrics such as precision, accuracy, recall and F1 score. The added value of multiclass classification during this work is identified and compared with binary classifications using the models presented in the previous.

Expected credit losses and managerial discretion. Current practices and future challenges

This paper examines the loan loss provisioning behaviour during the transition from IAS 39 to IFRS 9 for a sample of 403 banks in 27 countries in European Union. The objective of the study is to investigate whether during the first years of adoption of the new expected credit loss (ECL) impairment model banks are more en-couraged to smooth earnings and manage capital, compared to the previous in-curred loss (ICL) model. Results show that under ECL, banks adopt a more ag-gressive opportunistic behaviour in accordance with the income-smoothing and capital management approach. Management should be aware of this to implement monitoring and control systems, increasing trustworthiness of financial in-formation for investors' expectations.

Sensor System based on in-fiber Bragg Grats and Interrogator with Spectral Time Channel Separation

The principle of construction and a variant of the software and hardware implementation of the sensor system based on intra-fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) by the example of temperature measurement are proposed. The use of spectral-time separation of measuring channels, which takes into account the features of the functioning and placement of sensors based on FBGs, can significantly reduce the cost, dimensions, weight and power consumption of the interrogator, and neutralize the difficulties in setting up and periodic calibration typical for serial products. The test results of the system show the directions and prospects of using the developed equipment as part of portable and on-board monitoring and control systems.

The peculiarities of the unmanned ships operaiting

Материал статьи отражает развитие тенденции внедрения в практику судоходной индустрии судов без экипажа на борту. Оснащение современных судов интегрированными системами контроля и управления оборудованием позволяет управлять судовой энергетической установкой без постоянного присутствия членов машинной команды. Многие вопросы, связанные с проведением мероприятий по обслуживанию механизмов и устройств решаются в период межрейсовых стоянок специальным персоналом. Это приближает деятельность экипажа к условиям работы операторов технологических объектов и стимулирует появление транспортных средств с малоэкипажным составом или вообще без экипажа. Морские автономные надводные суда (МАНС), как они классифицируются в международной практике, уже реальность и необходимо обоснованно подходить к системе управления по мере увеличения количества таких объектов и их технического совершенствования. Основное внимание в статье уделяется роли и месте расположения судовых специалистов, без которых практически невозможно технически грамотно эксплуатировать судовую энергетическую установку, независимо от ее типа и особенностей конструктивного исполнения. Приводятся примеры уже работающих МАНС. Авторы рассматривают наиболее реальные варианты формирования системы искусственного интеллекта и наделения ее функциями контроля состояния и управления элементами судовой энергетики. The article material reflects the trend development implementing into the shipping industry practice the vessels without a crew on board. Equipping modern ships with integrated monitoring and control systems allows the ship's power plant to be operated without the constant presence of the engine crew members. Many issues related to the maintenance of mechanisms and devices are resolved during inter-trip stops by special personnel. This brings the crew activities closer to the working conditions of the technological facilities operators and stimulates the appearance of means of transport with a small crew or no crew at all. Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS), as they are classified in international practice, are already a reality and it is necessary to reasonably approach the control system as the number of such objects increases and their technical improvement. The main attention in the article is paid to the role and location of ship specialists, without whom it is practically impossible to operate a ship power plant in technically competent manner, regardless of its type and design features. Examples of already operating MASS are given. The authors consider the most realistic options for an artificial intelligence system formation and endowing it with the functions of monitoring the state and control of the elements of ship power engineering.

Keyhole fluctuation and pore formation mechanisms during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Keyhole porosity is a key concern in laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF), potentially impacting component fatigue life. However, the dynamics of keyhole porosity formation, i.e., keyhole fluctuation, collapse and bubble growth and shrinkage, remain unclear. Using synchrotron X-ray imaging we reveal keyhole and bubble behaviours, quantifying their formation mechanisms. The findings support the hypotheses that: (i) keyhole porosity can initiate not only in unstable, but also transition keyhole regimes, created by high laser power-velocity conditions, causing fast radial keyhole fluctuations (~ 10 kHz); (ii) transition regime collapse tends to occur part way up the rear-wall; and (iii) immediately after keyhole collapse, the bubble grows as pressure equilibrates then shrinks due to metal-vapour condensation. Concurrent with condensation, hydrogen diffusion into the bubble slows the shrinkage and stabilises the bubble size. The physics revealed here can guide the development of real-time monitoring and control systems for keyhole porosity.

A STUDY ON DYNAMIC CH AMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A NEW REMO TERISTICS OF A NEW REMOTE TRANSFORMER CURRENT CONVERTER WITHOUT COMPENSA COMPENSATING CAP TING CAPACITOR

In this research paper, analytical equations of the transient characteristics of a new remote transformer current converter without a compensating capacitor have been obtained when a stepwise, linearly increasing, sinusoidal and sinusoidal with a damped amplitude of effects was applied to their input. It has been shown that the developed current converter can be represented in the structural schemes of monitoring and control systems in the form of a series-connected real ifferentiating link without statism and inertial (aperiodic) link of the first order, and in the case of neglecting active losses in the magnetic circuit and when the converter is operating in idle mode, i.e in the form of ideal differentiating link.It has been established that the transient response of the developed current transducer has an aperiodic character when a surge primary current is fed to its input, and with a relatively very large value of the time constant of the secondary circuit compared to the time constant of the magnetic circuit, transient response approaches transient response of a real differentiating link.

Development of Improved Liming Process based on Automated pH Monitoring and Control System

The control of pH of a process plays an important role in many chemical or biological reactions. The monitoring and control of pH of processes like wastewater treatment, manufacturing food and leather making facilitate to reduce pollution and improve the quality of the final product. The focus of this study is to optimize the usage of lime and recycling of spent liquor through continuous monitoring system of pH to achieve near zero residue from liming operation. But the challenges are nonlinear behaviour of the system and frequent fouling of pH sensors. The system developed monitors the pH values and controls the cycling time and the addition of lime as per the user set profile. The real time data of pH values in the process is logged on to the PC for further analysis. The efficacy of the system developed was validated at lab level and can be easily scaled up for implementation in industries. The results showed that the effluent from leather making can be minimized by adopting automated pH monitoring and control systems.