North American ECA Regulations and LNG Fuels - A Viable Solution?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonni-Effrosyni Damianidou
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Emission Control Area

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the recent North American Emission Control Area Regulations imposed by the International Marine Organization amendment to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL, Annex VI) in 2010, focusing on how organizations, like the United States Environmental Protection Agency have contributed to their implementation. Furthermore it examines the prospect of liquefied natural gas, potentially becoming “a fuel of the future for the shipping industry” and attempts to answer whether LNG fuels offer a viable alternative solution for the shipping industry, illustrating the pros and cons, while focusing on issues of bunker supply and demand and future global implications.

scholarly journals Bottom-Up Approach Ship Emission Inventory in Port of Incheon Based on VTS Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hyangsook Lee ◽  
Hoang T. Pham ◽  
Maowei Chen ◽  
Sangho Choo
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pollution ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Service System ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Emission Control Area ◽  
Ship Emission

As a result of the rapid growth of international trade, atmospheric pollution from transportation has been more topical than ever, especially in dense hub port-cities. The shipping industry should pay more attention corresponding to its contribution to local atmospheric pollution. This paper supports the application of data collected from the vessel tracking service system with a bottom-up approach to generate a comprehensive 2019 local ship emission inventory at Port of Incheon. The calculated emission inventory presented the dominance of CO2 emission and the considerable contribution of NOx and SOx emissions, the significant contribution of auxiliary engines during the hotelling at berth during the year of 2019. Then, based on calculated emission inventory, this study suggested and simulated applicable green policies in the practice: (1) local emission control area realization, (2) vessel speed reduction program, (3) application of cold ironing, and (4) establishment of a national integrated emission platform. The combination of the three first policies could help reduce the significant volume of emitted CO (29%), NOx (30%), SOx (93%), PM10 and PM2.5 (64%), VOC (28%), NH3 (30%), and CO2 (30%).

scholarly journals The Skinny on a Fat Tax: Obesity and Microeconomics

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Southworth
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microeconomic Theory ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Supply And Demand Model

The growing problem of obesity in the U.S. has prompted calls for government action, including the imposition of a "fat tax." The author uses microeconomic theory and a cost-benefit framework to explore the pros and cons of a fat tax. She applies theories of rational and irrational consumer decision-making to obesity-related consumption decisions and presents a simple supply and demand model to suggest the likely consequences of a fat tax. The author concludes that, before implementing a fat tax, additional research is needed to determine if a fat tax is merely the latest fad or a significant policy initiative that will make real contributions to correcting a major health problem in the United States.

scholarly journals Salting our freshwater lakes

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (17) ◽  
pp. 4453-4458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary A. Dugan ◽  
Sarah L. Bartlett ◽  
Samantha M. Burke ◽  
Jonathan P. Doubek ◽  
Flora E. Krivak-Tetley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
North American ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lake Water Quality ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Threshold Criterion

The highest densities of lakes on Earth are in north temperate ecosystems, where increasing urbanization and associated chloride runoff can salinize freshwaters and threaten lake water quality and the many ecosystem services lakes provide. However, the extent to which lake salinity may be changing at broad spatial scales remains unknown, leading us to first identify spatial patterns and then investigate the drivers of these patterns. Significant decadal trends in lake salinization were identified using a dataset of long-term chloride concentrations from 371 North American lakes. Landscape and climate metrics calculated for each site demonstrated that impervious land cover was a strong predictor of chloride trends in Northeast and Midwest North American lakes. As little as 1% impervious land cover surrounding a lake increased the likelihood of long-term salinization. Considering that 27% of large lakes in the United States have >1% impervious land cover around their perimeters, the potential for steady and long-term salinization of these aquatic systems is high. This study predicts that many lakes will exceed the aquatic life threshold criterion for chronic chloride exposure (230 mg L−1), stipulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in the next 50 y if current trends continue.

scholarly journals US Farm Animal Welfare: An Economic Perspective

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glynn T. Tonsor ◽  
Christopher A. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Animal ◽  
Farm Animal Welfare ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Legal Market ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Economic Perspectives

The topic of farm animal welfare (FAW) is both complex and controversial, and inherently involves expertise and views from multiple disciplines. This article provides a summary of economic perspectives on FAW issues in the United States. Practices related to FAW can occur through legal, market or voluntary programs. FAW is not a primary driver of US food demand but negative press has industry-wide effects. Aligning FAW supply and demand can be facilitated through labeling, education, and voluntary programs, but all have pros and cons.

scholarly journals Le droit des valeurs mobilières et les placements privés

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-782
Author(s):  
Nabil N. Antaki ◽  
Gilles Leclerc
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
Private Placement ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Corporate Lawyers ◽  
The Capital Market

The overwhelming control of the different North American securities commissions over the capital market compels businessmen and corporate lawyers to a permanent search for new means to avoid the registration and prospectus requirements of the acts. The authors try in this article to analyse the private placement exemption which seems to be most frequently relied upon. They discuss its development since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ralston Purina. They explain the pros and cons of the subjective « need to know » and the capability of investors to « fend for themselves » tests as well as their byproducts. The recent and certainly more objective standards adopted by the S.E.C. and Ontario are also discussed. Finally, the resale of the restricted securities acquired in a private placement transaction is studied. In this context, the Quebec law is hardly adequate and needs substantial clarifications.

scholarly journals Overview and Comparison of the IMO and the US Maritime Administration Ballast Water Management Regulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Čampara ◽  
Vlado Frančić ◽  
Lovro Maglić ◽  
Nermin Hasanspahić
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
The Us ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Ballast Water Management

Along with the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United States Maritime Administration has developed its own ballast water management legislation under the dual authority of the US Coast Guard and the Environmental Protection Agency. The IMO and US ballast water management regulations are globally recognized as the most significant and influential regimes. Complexity and certain regulatory differences pose considerable concern amongst all stakeholders in the shipping industry, predominantly ship owners and ship operators. This paper presents a conceptual study which overviews, emphasises, and compares key provisions of these two sets of regulations by targeting and unveiling significant points from their perspective since they represent the largest group of stakeholders. Therefore, the paper aims to support shipowners and operators in better understanding the Ballast Water Management regulations and their differences. In addition, the study may benefit in choosing an adequate ballast water treatment system to be installed onboard ships, considering the sea areas where ships intend to operate. Finally, the paper can also help policy makers understand those differences that could present a major barrier in the efficient and smooth ballast water management implementation.

Scanning electron microscopy of asbestos-containing material where the asbestos fibers are considered locked in a binder

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
J. R. Millette ◽  
R. S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Binder Material ◽  
Scanning Electron

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has labeled as “friable” those building materials that are likely to readily release fibers. Friable materials when dry, can easily be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder using hand pressure. Other asbestos containing building materials (ACBM) where the asbestos fibers are in a matrix of cement or bituminous or resinous binders are considered non-friable. However, when subjected to sanding, grinding, cutting or other forms of abrasion, these non-friable materials are to be treated as friable asbestos material. There has been a hypothesis that all raw asbestos fibers are encapsulated in solvents and binders and are not released as individual fibers if the material is cut or abraded. Examination of a number of different types of non-friable materials under the SEM show that after cutting or abrasion, tuffs or bundles of fibers are evident on the surfaces of the materials. When these tuffs or bundles are examined, they are shown to contain asbestos fibers which are free from binder material. These free fibers may be released into the air upon further cutting or abrasion.

Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the nomenclature of two North American fishes

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88
Author(s):  
CHARLOTTE M PORTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Shad ◽  
New Name ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fish Louse

A curious error affects the names of three North American clupeids—the Alewife, American Shad, and Menhaden. The Alewife was first described by the British-born American architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1799, just two years after what is generally acknowledged as the earliest description of any ichthyological species published in the United States. Latrobe also described the ‘fish louse’, the common isopod parasite of the Alewife, with the new name, Oniscus praegustator. Expressing an enthusiasm for American independence typical of his generation, Latrobe humorously proposed the name Clupea tyrannus for the Alewife because the fish, like all tyrants, had parasites or hangers-on.

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