Landscape and Seasonal Effects on Crude Protein, Fibre and In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Common Grass Species in Semi-arid Communal Grazing Lands of South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kwaza ◽  
S.T. Beyene ◽  
V. Mlambo ◽  
K. Mopipi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Semi Arid

scholarly journals Effects of soil type on density of trees and nutritive value of tree leaves in selected communal areas of South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-98
Author(s):  
K.E. Ravhuhali ◽  
V Mlambo ◽  
T.S. Beyene ◽  
L.G. Palamuleni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Loamy Soil

This study aimed to describe the distribution and nutritive value of woody species growing in clay-loamy and red-brown sand from selected localities of North West, South Africa. Three 2.2 km transects, radiating from homesteads, which served as replicates, were established at each of four selected grazing areas. Nine 10 × 10 m homogenous vegetation units (HVU), 20 m apart, were marked in each transect. Woody plant density, height and canopy cover (CC), were recorded, and chemical properties and degradability via in vitro ruminal fermentation of harvested leaves were measured. Raisin bush (Grewia flava), Buffalo thorn (Ziziphus mucronata) and Camel thorn (Vachellia erioloba) were the common species across both soil types. Soil type influenced (P <0.05) plant density, CC, total tree equivalent (TTE) and plant height. Areas with red-brown sandy soil had higher (P <0.05) total plant density (827.7 plant/ha), CC (9.6%) and TTE (2886.4 TTE/ha) than those with clay-loamy soil. Vachellia erioloba leaves in clay-loamy soil had the highest (P <0.05) crude protein content (151.2 g/kg DM). Leaves of Searsia lancea species that were harvested from both the clay-loamy and red-brown sandy soils had the highest (P <0.05) amounts of condensed tannins (0.915 AU550/200 mg and 0.917 AU550/200 mg, respectively). Searsia lancea leaves had the lowest (P <0.05) in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability values in both soil types. The leaves of Z. mucronata and G. flava leaves have potential as protein supplements for ruminants owing to their higher crude protein content and in vitro ruminal N degradability. Keywords: canopy cover, feeding value, plant height, semi-arid, species diversity, tree equivalent

Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of parasitic plants reflect that of indigenous browse trees

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 173-173
Author(s):  
O. R. Madibela ◽  
M. Letso ◽  
B. Makoba ◽  
O. Seitshiro
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Parasitic Plants ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Mineral Levels ◽  
Interesting Alternative ◽  
Semi Arid

Mistletoes are common parasitic plants that attach on branches of Acacia species, Boscia albitrunca, Ziziphus mucronata and other trees of semi-arid Botswana. These plants form an interesting alternative and additional feed resource, which could increase both mineral and protein intake of ruminants. Previous studies (Madibela et al., 2000, 2002) have shown that these parasitic plants have high crude protein and mineral levels than what is expected of natural grasses. The hypothesis is that the higher the nutritive value of host browse trees the higher it is in the parasitic plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Stylosanthes scabra Accessions as Forage Source for Ruminants: Growth Performance, Nutritive Value and In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Thamsanqa Doctor Empire Mpanza ◽  
Abubeker Hassen ◽  
Abiodun Mayowa Akanmu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Feed shortage is the main cause of poor production performance in livestock under smallholder farmer’s in South Africa. Therefore, this study evaluated the growth performance, nutritive value and in vitro ruminal fermentation of Stylosanthes scabra accessions in climatic condition of Pretoria, South Africa as potential forage sources in order to improve feed quality and subsequently livestock production. Stylosanthes scabra accessions were planted in 6 m2 plots following a complete randomized block design with three replicates per accession. The plants were allowed to grow to full maturity after which forage was harvested and yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristic were determined. Forage yield of accessions ranged between 4.3 to 5.3 t ha−1 in dry matter (DM), and only twelve accessions were identified to be adaptable over the three-year evaluation under rain-fed. Accessions 140, 9281, 11,252, 11,595, 11,604 and 11,625 were consistent in terms of forage yield over the three years. Significant differences among accessions were observed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), IVOMD, metabolizable energy, metabolizable energy yield, gas production, total phenols, total hydrolysable tannins and total condensed tannins. Principal component and clustering analysis showed that accessions 11,255 and 11,625 are distinct in their characteristics as compared to the rest of the accessions, and both accessions are suitable forage source for animals since they contain low NDF with good forage production and crude protein content. However, there is a need for further study to integrate these accessions into the feeding systems in order to improve livestock production.

EFFECTS OF CUTTING MANAGEMENT ON YIELDS, DIGESTIBILITY, CRUDE PROTEIN, AND PERSISTENCE OF TIMOTHY, BROMEGRASS, AND ORCHARD GRASS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
L. B. MACLEOD ◽  
F. W. CALDER
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Distribution ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Cutting Management

Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Saratoga bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and Frode orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were harvested over a 3-yr period at eight developmental stages of primary growth and aftermath after a 40–64-day regrowth interval. Total dry matter (DM) yields generally increased up to flowering and ranged from 4,370 to 11,840 kg/ha, depending on grass species, cutting management, and season. Aftermath DM rarely exceeded 3,500 kg/ha. The stage of development at initial harvest had only a limited influence on aftermath production. Within the season, orchard grass had a more uniform yield distribution than timothy or bromegrass. The yield distribution of the three grasses was most uniform where the initial harvest was taken at the immature stages of development. Stand persistence was satisfactory under all cutting managements. Per cent in vitro digestible dry matter (IVD) of primary growth ranged from 76.5 to 37.0. In the 2nd and 3rd yr, decline in IVD of primary growth averaged 0.69, 0.66, and 0.82% per day for timothy, bromegrass, and orchard grass, respectively, over a 24-day period. In the 1st yr, this decline was somewhat higher. The IVD of aftermath tended to be higher when the regrowth period was shortest, although this was inconsistent, particularly for timothy and bromegrass. Total digestible DM yields increased up to heading stage. Percent crude protein (CP) of primary growth ranged from 18.2 to 7.1 under various cutting managements and decreased at an average daily rate of 0.33–0.37. Percent CP of aftermath ranged from 15.0 to 9.6. Longer regrowth periods generally resulted in lower percent CP. Cutting management had little effect on average seasonal CP yields.

THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF LEAF AND STEM PORTIONS OF FORAGES

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Mowat ◽  
R. S. Fulkerson ◽  
W. E. Tossell ◽  
J. E. Winch
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The in vitro dry matter digestibility (I.V.D.) of the immature stems of timothy, orchardgrass, and bromegrass was higher than that of the leaves. However the rate of decline of digestibility with advancing maturity was greater with stems. At head emergence the I.V.D. of the leaves of orchardgrass was similar to that of the stems. Wide differences existed, though, in the I.V.D. of leaf and stem fractions of orchardgrass at more advanced stages of growth. Digestibilities of the plant parts of both timothy and bromegrass were not greatly different at any growth stage.The digestibility of leaves of alfalfa decreased only slightly as the season progressed. However, the I.V.D. of the stems declined rapidly early in the season. Unlike the grasses, the stems of alfalfa never attained as high a digestibility as the leaves at the early growth stages.The crude protein content of both leaf and stem portions of the various grass species was similar.As the season progressed, orchardgrass had the highest leaf to stem ratio and bromegrass the lowest. Even within a species, leaf content was a rather poor indicator of digestibility.

Some effects of formaldehyde treatment of hay on the production of Corriedale weaners fed in pens

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (59) ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Sharkey ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
EK Simmons ◽  
RS Jeffery ◽  
J Clark
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Feeding Study ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Voluntary Intake

A high protein hay (16 per cent crude protein) was treated with formalin, either during baling or before feeding. During one three-week feeding study, the acceptability and voluntary intake of both treated and untreated hay by Corriedale weaner sheep were similar. In another 12-week feeding study where the formalin treated and untreated hay were fed at 1 kg dry matter per day there were no differences between sheep in wool growth, liveweight gain, nitrogen retention, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter. In vitro fermentation tests showed that treatment with formaldehyde reduced the solubility of the crude protein from 50 to 35 per cent. High losses of formaldehyde occurred when formalin was applied to hay during baling. Methods of reducing these losses have not been defined.

scholarly journals In vitro fermentation of the rations containing Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) using two types of inoculum

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Cantão Veloso ◽  
Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽  
Alexandre Lima de Souza ◽  
Ilda dos Santos Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Morinda Citrifolia ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Sheep Feces

The effect of inclusion of Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) in standardized diets of sheep on in vitro digestibility and parameters fermentation was examined using two different inoculums (ruminal liquid and sheep feces). To determine the nutrients’ in vitro digestibility coefficient (IVDC), two sheep were used as inoculum donors. The experimental design was factorial (4 × 2), with four diets containing different proportions of Noni and two types of inoculum. The different dietary proportions of Noni (0%, 8%, 16%, and 24%) did not affect the IVDC of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) for both inoculums. The IVDC of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed significantly between the inoculums. After in vitro incubation for 24 h, the pH value of the fermented material differed between the different diets and between the inoculums. Moreover, the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen was affected by the proportion of Noni and differed between the inoculums after incubation for 24 h. The inclusion of up to 24% of Noni in standardized rations for ruminants did not affect the IVDC of DM, OM, CP, and NDF. The use of feces as inoculum for in vitro fermentation produced lower IVDC values than those by ruminal liquid. The diet containing 8% of Noni and fermented with ruminal liquid produced higher pH values after 24 h of incubation. Taken together, the different dietary Noni proportions and the different inoculums can alter the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen of sheep diets after 24 h in vitro fermentation; however, they seem not to affect the IVDC of the nutrients.

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