scholarly journals Celebrating “the Joyful Revolution”: about commemoration of the Constitution of May 3rd in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Balaišytė
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
Visual Expression ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Town ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article discusses how the ratification of the 3rd of May 1791 Constitution was celebrated in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This event, understood by the contemporaries as the beginning of the new epoch, inspired organization of both official and spontaneous celebrations all over the country. While analysing the content and visual expression of these events, it is sought to disclose how these festivals of “the new epoch” were formed and what they looked like, what transformations of the society had inspired them. These celebrations were a tool and product of “the Joyful Revolution”: they were used for patriotic upbringing and unification of the society in the presence of outward threats, though, at the same time, the high spirits of the “revolutionary” time inspired spontaneous festive events. The organizers of such celebrations were mostly the representatives of middle nobility and townspeople, as they had become the most active supporters of the ruler and implemented the reform programme. There were especially many initiatives by townspeople, who due to the new law felt the full-fledged citizens of the state. Similar to earlier celebrations of state significance, almost all festivities were dedicated to the ruler, who was pictured as the father of the nation and creator of the Constitution. A new image of the ruler was started to propagate: the portrait of a king-patriot working for the wellbeing of the homeland and its citizens. The ideas of the “citizens’ nation” encompassing all social strata of the Republic were actively manifested. Acts of the nobility oath to the town law were very important for unification of the society in a symbolic sense; they demonstrated the fraternity of all estates. It is worth mentioning here the demonstration of military attributes and military capacities in order to strengthen the morale of population in troublous times. The article covers in more detail the decorations created for the Constitution anniversary by a nobleman Vincentas Ignacas Marevičius (Wincenty Ignacy Marewicz) in his homestead near Lukiškės, which most visually demonstrated the new structure of the society entrenched by the Constitution. These celebrations of the “3rd of May epoch” could be held for quite a short time and thus failed to create new rituals and symbols. Maybe this was the reason why texts were so important in their décor and explained anew the meanings of symbols applied in earlier celebrations.

scholarly journals Lithuanian State Archives – 100

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius Gudelis ◽  
Milda Baranauskaitė ◽  
Dovydas Mozūras ◽  
Danutė Kontrimavičienė
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Function ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Grand Duchy

The Lithuanian state archives are commemorating their 100th anniversary this year. Historically, the origins of the documentary heritage of the Lithuanian state can be traced back to the time of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Throughout history, despite changes in the system of state archives, their main function and purpose have not changed. They continue to treasure and preserve the state's documentary heritage. Over the course of 100 years, the structure and subordination of the state archives have changed several times, documents moving from one premise to another, technologies regarding document storage constantly improving. The Lithuanian state archives were officially established on October 19th, 1921, when the Minister of Education of the Republic of Lithuania approved the Statute of the Central State Archive and appointed its director. This statute stated that the archive should preserve all existing state and municipal documents acquired before the establishment of the Republic of Lithuania. It must also maintain the liquidated and non-essential documents of these organizations and collect documents of state, public and scientific value from private people and public organizations.

scholarly journals “People”, “Peoples” - How the May 3, 1791 Constitution framers defined what the People is and handled the duality of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Arnaud Parent
Keyword(s):  
Political Tradition ◽  
The People ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

AbstractIn the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, significant legal texts were implemented under the rule of King Stanislaw August, the most important being the Constitution of May 3, 1791, adopted during the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1792). Its framers faced numerous challenges, first, because then only nobles were considered as constituting the Republic, one was to define who should be considered as a member of the People, who could be elected deputy to the Sejm, and at which condition. Second, since the 1569 Union of Lublin the Commonwealth is made of two distinct states: Poland (the Crown) and the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania, drafters had to handle Lithuanian statehood in a Constitution, which was primarily seen as a way to enhance unification of the two nations. Third, the Grand-Duchy of Lithuania having its own legislation, enclosed in the Lithuanian statute, (adopted in 1529, followed with a Second Statute in 1566, and a Third Statute in 1588), the question of its maintaining or not too had to be taken into consideration by framers. We hope that considering how these different issues were handled will shed a new light on the permanence of Lithuanian laws and political tradition in the May 3 Constitution.

Shakespeare and the Birth of Polish Romanticism: Vilna 1786–1846

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Komorowski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
The Town ◽  
Grand Duchy

The first phase of a long and complex process of the Polish reception of William Shakespeare's oeuvre ended in the middle of the nineteenth century with the popularization of new translations and the gradual elimination of French and German classicist adaptations. Vilna, vital centre of Polish culture, science and art, was the birthplace of Polish Romanticism and a hotbed of theatrical innovation. Vilna was also, at the turn of the eighteenth century, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and one of the major cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The school stage of Vilna Academy, established by Stefan Batory in 1578, had been active since 1582. In 1639, English actors belonging to Robert Archer's company may have visited the town; though the performances planned by King Wladyslaw IV did not take place. A permanent professional theatre was opened in 1785, when Wojciech Boguslawski, the greatest personality of the theatre of the Polish Enlightenment, came up from Warsaw with his troupe.

scholarly journals The Place of Past Events in International Information Wars

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Alvydas Nikžentaitis
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
The Past ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Memory Culture ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Global Identities ◽  
Global Systems ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article presents an analysis of the role memory culture plays in information wars. Based on the examples of Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Belarus, it finds that the phenomenon of using the past in information wars can be explained as a fighting measure to entrench the authority of a given country in the eyes of the global community. This requirement emerged among countries in this region following the collapse of the old global systems and with the creation of new political blocs. Associations have been noticed between information wars that exploit the past and the growth of a country’s economic potential. For this reason, this foreign policy tool has not been used to the same degree in different countries in the region, nor did it start being used at the same time. Almost all the countries in the region started to massively exploit the past as a means of soft power only in the 21st century. This tool is especially significant in Poland and Russia, being used less often in Lithuania and Ukraine, and hardly at all in Belarus. The storylines of the past being used in information wars can be divided into two categories: Global identities, whose symbols have become Holocaust and Gulag figures; and symbols associated with the memory cultures and identities of separate societies, such as the idea of Slavic unity (in Russian-Ukrainian relations) or the past of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (in Lithuanian-Belarusian relations). The author predicts that the use of the past in information wars is set to intensify in the future, and as such, the teaching of expert skills is necessary to address this; at present, these skills are lacking in countries in the region.

Federalism and Caudillismo in the Mexican Revolution: The Genesis of the Oaxaca Sovereignty Movement (1915–20)

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Garner
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Town

On 3 June 1915 the state legislature of Oaxaca in southern Mexico issued a decree which proclaimed that the ‘free and sovereign state of Oaxaca reassumes its sovereignty until such time as constitutional order is restored in the republic’ (i.e. in accordance with the Constitution of 1857). Governor José Inés Dávila therefore declared that the executive and legislative branches of the state government would assume control and responsibility over the federal agencies and services within the state. The justification for this dramatic course of action, taken at the height of a period of intense civil war in Mexico, was the decree issued by Venustiano Carranza in December 1914, which had suspended the Constitution in favour of a ‘temporary’ period of pre-constitutional government over which he was personally to retain strict executive control as First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army – thus effectively dissolving the constitutional base of the federation. The immediate casus belli was the occupation of the town of Pochutla on Oaxaca's Pacific coast on 1 May by a detachment of Constitutionalist troops, in what Governor Inés Dávila described as ‘a preconceived plan of attack on the sovereignty of the state’.

scholarly journals Pogezanian lieges in the State of Teutonic Order in 1261–1370

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.А. Денисов
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Group 1

Статья посвящена инкорпорированию жителей Погезании, одной из за- падных прусских земель, в орденскую систему ленного землевладения в 1261–1370 гг. Основную часть ленников (173 из 176 персон) составили лица, обязанные нести во- енную службу и платить налог (группа 1) или освобожденные от податей (группа 2). Рост их численности был связан с потребностями Ордена в военной силе и доходах от земельной собственности для борьбы с Великим Литовским княжеством за поли- тическое лидерство в Юго-Восточной Прибалтике. The article deals with the incorporation of inhabitants of Pogezania one of the western Prussian lands, into the Order’s system of fi ef land ownership in 1261–1370. The main part of lieges (173 from 176 persons) consisted of individuals, who were obliged to keep military service and to pay taxes (group 1) or free from any payment (group 2). The growth of their number was caused by needs of Order in military force and incomes from the land estates for the struggle with Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the leadership in South-East of Baltic region.

scholarly journals La competencia de los cónsules en los actos de jurisdicción voluntaria mercantiles : historia, tradición, actualidad y conveniente reforma

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Alonso Furelos
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Public Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Country ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cónsules y Consulado son una Institución histórica. Nace en Roma, en la República, donde se consolida y extingue y es de Derecho Público Romano. En la Baja Edad Media surge como derecho privado, en las Repúblicas Italianas de donde llega a España, para defender los intereses jurídicos de los comerciantes que van a «disponer» de un derecho «especial» privado que éstos aplican dentro de una «jurisdicción especial privilegiada mercantil» que tutela jurídicamente «sus» asuntos sean jurisdicción contenciosa o voluntaria. En el S. xix, esta figura deviene pública para defender los intereses comerciales del Estado, en el país extranjero donde se hallan sus Consulados. En 1868 en España desaparece la jurisdicción mercantil cuyo cometido es asumido por la jurisdicción ordinaria en su orden civil. Desde entonces Cónsules y Consulados son una figura de derecho público, dependientes del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores para la defensa de los intereses comerciales españoles, en el país en que se hallan. La LEC 1881 les confía por tradición funciones mercantiles en la jurisdicción voluntaria que hoy estando aún «vigentes» son simples «recuerdos obsoletos» de otras épocas ya superadas. La cercana reforma de la jurisdicción voluntaria puede ser un pretexto para confiar a Cónsules y Personal Diplomático de nuestras Embajadas la competencia en «casi todos sus asuntos» cuando se solicite su intervención por españoles que están en esos países.Consuls and Consulate are a historic institution of Roman Public law, with origins in Rome during the Republic, where it was consolidated and then extinguished. In the Low Middle Ages it arose as private right, and arrived in Spain from the Italian Republics, to defend the juridical interests of the merchants who would exercise a «special» private law which they would apply within a «special privileged mercantile jurisdiction «which would govern juridically «their» matters, whether of contentious or voluntary jurisdiction. In the 19th century, this institution became public in order to defend the commercial interests of the State, in the foreign country where its Consulates were situated. In 1868 The Mercantile Jurisdiction disappeared its jurisdiction was subsumed into that of the Ordinary Civil Jurisdiction of the Court. Since then, Consuls and Consulates are an institution of public law and are servants of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to defend of the commercial interests of Spaniards, in the country where they are located. The LEC 1881 entrusted them the voluntary jurisdiction in mercantile matters, that today are still «in force» but exist in fact simply as «obsolete memories» of a bygone era. The approaching reform of this voluntary jurisdiction may be a pretext to entrust to our consuls and diplomatic personnel of our embassies, competence «in almost all matters» when they are requested by Spaniards who are located in those countries.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN PENERAPAN PENGAMPUNAN PAJAK (TAX AMNESTY) DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN DAN KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI PADA KPP PRATAMA JAKARTA – SUNTER.

account ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratiyah Ratiyah ◽  
Lukman Sri Muchtar
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Amnesty ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time

ABSTRACT   In order to maximize taxes, the Government carried out reforms by implementing policies thatwere driven by the smaller possibility of hiding assets outside the territory of the Republic ofIndonesia.  One part of the current tax reform is the government policy regarding the Tax Amnestyprogram.  This study aims to find out how to increase awareness and compliance of Taxpayers and tofind out the achievement of Tax Amnesty results.  The results of this study are that the awareness andcompliance of individual taxpayers in the tax amnesty program is quite high because the governmentseeks to improve several sectors, namely by conducting socialization from the government itself andfrom the tax service office.  The results of achieving Tax Amnesty are quite significant even thoughthere are several obstacles.  It means that the Tax Amnesty program is planned in the long term andwas managed well and the State will get an increase in tax revenues in a short time. Keywords: Tax Amnesty, Taxpayer  ABSTRAK   Dalam rangka memaksimalkan pajak, Pemerintah melakukan reformasi dengan menerapkankebijakan untuk terobosan yang didorong oleh semakin kecilnya kemungkinan untukmenyembunyikan harta kekayaan di luar wilayah Negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Salah satubagian dari reformasi perpajakan saat ini dengan adanya kebijakan pemerintah mengenai programTax Amnesty. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana meningkatkan kesadaran dankepatuhan Wajib Pajak dan untuk mengetahui pencapaian hasil Tax Amnesty. Hasil dari penelitianini yaitu Kesadaran dan kepatuhan wajib pajak orang pribadi dalam program tax amnesty cukuptinggi ini dikarenakan pemerintah berupaya untuk meningkatkan beberapa sektor yaitu denganmelakukan sosialisasi baik dari pemerintah itu sendiri maupun dari kantor pelayanan pajak dan hasilpencapaian penerapan Tax Amnesty cukup signifikan meski masih ada beberapa kendala. Yangartinya jika program Tax Amnesty direncanakan dalam jangka panjang dan dikelola dengan baik,Negara akan memperoleh peningkatan penerimaan pajak dalam waktu singkat. Kata kunci: Tax Amnesty, Wajib Pajak

scholarly journals On the Diploma of Nobility of Jan Januszowski and a Portrait of a Renaissance Printer

Terminus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 81-105
Author(s):  
Justyna Kiliańczyk-Zięba
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Coats Of Arms ◽  
Grand Duchy

Jan Januszowski, best known as Jan Kochanowski’ friend, was the most distinguished printer of the Polish Renaissance. Januszowski, a lawyer educated in Cracow and Padua, was an extremely versatile man: an outstanding printer, as well as a prolific writer and translator. For all his achievements, he was ennobled by Sigismund III Vasa, and—happily—the diploma of nobility of Jan Januszowski, penned on parchment and splendidly illuminated, survived to the present day. The illumination of the document is rich and sumptuous. It shows the coats-of-arms representing the provinces of the Polish Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania and small portraits: three of them depict Polish kings, the fourth is of Januszowski himself—it is one of the very few known portraits of Polish Renaissance intellectuals and the oldest portrait of a Polish printer. The document’s decoration is not only beautiful, but also meaningful, as its content and composition reflects the nature of the state—the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—and suggests Januszowski’s important place in its structure and strong links between the printer and the most important dignitaries of the country.

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