The Method for Estimation of Radiation Dose of Eye Lens Covered by Radiation Protection Glasses Using Personal Dosimeter for Trunk of the Body and X-ray Shielding Material

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiation exposure around the patient table as relative to the cardiologist position dose value. The dose rates at eight points presuming staff positions were measured for PA, LAO 30° and RAO 30° radiographic projections, and then normalized to the cardiologist’s position dose-rate value. The results show that in PA and RAO 30° projections, the normalized dose rate was higher by 9–22% at the right side of the table at a distance of 50 cm, while it was higher up to 31% at the left side for the same measured points in the LAO 30°. The differences of normalized dose rates for the both table sides were lower and decreased at farther positions. The obtained results correspond to the recommendations of staff radiation protection in Cath-labs with regards to X-ray tube and detector positions.

Download Full-text

Study of epoxy shielding material with barium sulphate for development of radiation protection materials in low-dose diagnostic X-ray

Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids ◽

10.1080/10420150.2021.1972113 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Nuttapong Danthanavat ◽

Manus Mongkolsuk ◽

Gunjanaporn Tochaikul ◽

Soontaree Sriwongta ◽

Atitaya Piyajaroenporn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Protection ◽

Low Dose ◽

Barium Sulphate ◽

X Ray ◽

Shielding Material

Download Full-text

Occupational Radiation Dose, Especially for Eye Lens: Hp(3), in Medical Staff Members Involved in Computed Tomography Examinations

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104448 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4448

Author(s):

Minoru Osanai ◽

Hidenori Sato ◽

Kana Sato ◽

Kohsei Kudo ◽

Masahiro Hosoda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Medical Staff ◽

Shielding Effect ◽

Eye Lens ◽

Radiological Protection ◽

Ct Examination ◽

Radiation Dose Exposure ◽

Occupational Radiation

Radiation dose management of medical staff has become increasingly important. Particularly, based on the statement by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in 2011, a new lower equivalent dose limit for the eye lens is being established in each country. Although many reports have discussed the occupational radiation dose in interventional radiology (IR), few studies have examined the dose during computed tomography (CT) examinations. This study investigated the radiation dose exposure to medical staff present in the CT room during irradiation, with particular focus on the exposure to eye lens. The radiation dose exposure to those who assist patients during head, chest and upper abdomen CT examination was measured in a phantom study. The radiation dose exposure with scattered radiation was never negligible (i.e., high); Hp(3) was the highest in head CT examination, at 0.44 mSv per examination. Furthermore, the shielding effect of radiation protection glasses was large, and radiation protection glasses are useful tools for the medical staff who are involved in CT examinations. The justification and optimisation should be carefully considered in assistant actions.

Download Full-text

WHY MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION DOSE BY MEDICAL PHYSICIST AND RADIATION ONCOLOGIST BOTH?

10.36106/gjra/1014375 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 219-222

Author(s):

Rubina Rubina ◽

Baig M.Q ◽

Kumar Dev

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Gamma Rays ◽

Biological Effect ◽

Radiation Energy ◽

The Body ◽

X Rays ◽

Radiation Oncologist ◽

X Ray ◽

Γ Rays ◽

Different Tissues

Many years after the discovery of X-ray's and gamma rays. They have been used empirically in medicine, later on realized that this approach was dangerous mainly in radiotherapy and up to some extent in diagnostic radiology. Thus Means of measuring x-ray/γ-rays had to be found in terms of unit of x-rays quantity dened and accepted. The magnitude of the biological effect desirable in case therapy and undesirable in case of diagnosis. It depends upon how much radiation energy is absorbed by irradiated material. X-ray dosimetry is the measurement of energy absorbed in any material particularly in different tissues of the body.

Download Full-text

PATIENT DOSE IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY UTILISING BMI CLASSIFICATION

Radiation Protection Dosimetry ◽

10.1093/rpd/ncy194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 184 (2) ◽

pp. 155-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Vasileios I Metaxas ◽

Gerasimos A Messaris ◽

Aristea N Lekatou ◽

Theodore G Petsas ◽

George S Panayiotakis

Keyword(s):

Lumbar Spine ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Digital Radiography ◽

Patient Dose ◽

Obese Patients ◽

X Ray ◽

Whitney Test ◽

Mann Whitney Test ◽

Diagnostic Radiography

Abstract Dose audit is important towards optimisation of patients’ radiation protection in diagnostic radiography. In this study, the effect of the body mass index (BMI) on radiation dose received by 1869 adult patients undergoing chest, abdomen, lumbar spine, kidneys and urinary bladder (KUB) and pelvis radiography in an X-ray room with a digital radiography system was investigated. Patients were categorised into three groups (normal, overweight and obese) based on the BMI values. The patients’ entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) and the effective dose (ED) were calculated based on the X-ray tube output, exposure parameters and technical data, as well as utilising appropriate conversion coefficients of the recorded kerma area product (KAP) values. The local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) were established at the 75th percentile of the distribution of ESAK and KAP values. Statistically, a significant increase was found in ESAK, KAP and ED values, for all examinations, both for overweight and obese patients compared to normal patients (Mann–Whitney test, p < 0.0001). Regarding the gender of the patients, a statistically significant increase was found in the dose values for male patients compared to female patients, except for the chest LAT examinations (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.06). The percentage increase for chest PA, chest LAT, abdomen AP, lumbar spine AP, lumbar spine LAT, pelvis AP and KUB AP in overweight patients was 75%, 100%, 136%, 130%, 70%, 66% and 174% for median ESAK, 67%, 81%, 135%, 134%, 85%, 63% and 172% for median KAP, as well as 89%, 54%, 146%, 138%, 82%, 57% and 183% for median ED values, respectively. For obese patients, the corresponding increases were 200%, 186%, 459%, 345%, 203%, 150% and 785% for median ESAK, 200%, 185%, 423%, 357%, 227%, 142% and 597% for median KAP, as well as 222%, 156%, 446%, 363%, 218%, 136% and 625% for median ED. The corresponding LDRLs for overweight patients were 0.17 mGy, 1.21 mGy, 3.74 mGy, 7.70 mGy, 7.99 mGy, 4.07mGy, 5.03 mGy and 0.13 Gy cm2, 0.69 Gy cm2, 2.35 Gy cm2, 2.10 Gy cm2, 2.59 Gy cm2, 2.13 Gy cm2, 2.49 Gy cm2 in terms of ESAK and KAP values, respectively, while in the case of obese patients were 0.28 mGy, 1.82 mGy, 7.26 mGy, 15.10 mGy, 13.86 mGy, 6.89 mGy, 13.40 mGy and 0.21 Gy cm2, 1.10 Gy cm2, 4.68 Gy cm2, 4.01 Gy cm2, 4.80 Gy cm2, 3.27 Gy cm2, 6.02 Gy cm2, respectively. It can be concluded that overweight and obese patients received a significantly increased radiation dose. Careful adjustment of imaging protocols is needed for these patients to reduce patient dose, while keeping the image quality at an acceptable level. Additional studies need to be conducted for these patient groups, that could further contribute to the development of radiation protection culture in diagnostic radiography.

Download Full-text

Occupational Eye Lens Radiation Dose While Performing Interventional Procedures over 18 Months Using a Face-Shield Equipped Suspended Radiation Protection System

Open Journal of Radiology ◽

10.4236/ojrad.2020.102011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (02) ◽

pp. 101-114

Author(s):

Thomas J. Kwarcinski ◽

Andrew Lichliter ◽

Joseph Oros ◽

Niraj KC ◽

Bryan Yoder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Interventional Procedures ◽

Protection System ◽

Eye Lens

Download Full-text

Semi - automatic positioning of the protective screen based on integration with C-arm X-ray device

Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection ◽

10.2298/ntrp201210002a ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2-2

Author(s):

Vojislav Antic

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Medical Procedure ◽

X Ray ◽

Position Correction ◽

Efficient Level ◽

Efficient Protection ◽

Universal Interface ◽

Occupational Radiation ◽

Protective Screen

In fluoroscopy guided interventional procedures, ceiling suspended screen is used to protect personel for scattered X-ray radiation arising from patents. The correct positioning of the screen is crucial for proper occupational radiation protection. The proposed solution in this paper provides reliable and efficient protection from scattered radiation, based on X-ray device and the protective screen merging into one system via an appropriate interface. After the initial manual positioning, automatic repositioning of the screen is ?xecuted, by curving the screen laterally, clockwise or counterclockwise, and then with the upper or lower edge forward. All potential clinical situations were analyzed, considering need for screen position correction: the semi-automatic solution is designed and realized to follow the medical procedure in order to keep the efficient level of staff radiation protection. Furthermore, the assessment of the occupational radiation dose, provided for screen position optimization, will be imported in the radiation dose structural report. With application of the universal interface, the presented solution can be applied not only on newly manufactured ones, but on existing C-arm X-ray devices as well.

Download Full-text

Personnel Exposure to Scattered Radiation During Radiography of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint in the Horse Using a Portable X-Ray Machine

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb200776010105 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 105-111

Author(s):

J. Šterc ◽

R. Lepková

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Scattered Radiation ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Interphalangeal Joint ◽

Equivalent Dose ◽

Eye Lens ◽

Exposure Limits ◽

Distal Interphalangeal Joint ◽

X Ray ◽

Distal Interphalangeal

Radiography of the distal interphalangeal joints of two limbs of a cadaver of a horse weighing 550 kg was conducted in the present study. The examination was performed on lateromedial, palmaroproximal-palmarodistal views and on dorsoproximal-palmarodistal, dorsolateral-palmaromedial, dorsomedial-palmarolateral views of a raised limb placed on a navicular block, and of weight-bearing limbs. During the examination, doses of scattered radiation were measured at the sites of radiographer, assistant holding a film cassette and assistant positioning the examined limb or the opposite one. The lowest radiation dose was received by the assistant holding the cassette behind the examined region; a total equivalent dose of 183.6 - 201.7 nSv was received by his hands and genitals, and 110.8 - 113.3 nSv by his eye lens and neck during the examination of the distal interphalangeal joint. The radiographer was exposed to higher radiation; an equivalent dose of 846.6 - 854.1 nSv was received by his hands and genitals, and 271.8 - 328.2 nSv by the eye lens and the neck. The highest scattered radiation dose was received by the assistant positioning the examined limbs; equivalent doses were 7751 - 9354 nSv (hands), 1117.3 - 1119.5 nSv (genitals), and 880.6 - 1096.2 nSv (eye lens and neck). The equivalent dose values measured, received by the radiographer and the assistants during the examination of the distal interphalangeal joint seem to be very low relative to radiation exposure limits. However, it must be taken into account that the personnel involved in radiography is also exposed to scattered radiation during other examinations where radiation doses are often much higher. These results indicate the necessity to use protective lead aprons, gloves and collars during radiography of the distal interphalangeal joint.

Download Full-text

Radiation protection and the safe use of X-ray equipment: Laws, regulations and responsibilities

South African Journal of Radiology ◽

10.4102/sajr.v16i2.306 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 50-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Charles Petrus Herbst ◽

Gerhard H Fick

Keyword(s):

Quality Assurance ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Advisory Committee ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Human Error ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

X Rays ◽

Electronic Products ◽

X Ray

Lately, South Africa’s regulatory framework for electromagnetic medical devices has come under considerable pressure. In this article the legislative framework and regulatory infrastructure are scrutinized, by looking at how the legislature has given form to protective measures against ionizing radiation. Although the Hazardous Substances Act provides for effective protection against radiation, poor administration led to insufficient staffing levels, uncertainty about Regulations and licensing conditions and therefore undermines a sound radiation protection infrastructure. The legal basis of enforcing licensing conditions through a website without proper consultation with interested and affected parties is questionable and ineffective in controlling radiation levels. Effective and legal radiation control is possible by activating the National Advisory Committee on Electronic Products provided for in Regulation R326 published in 1979, but never implemented. The possible impact of annual quality assurance tests currently enforced through licensing conditions on the radiation dose of the population is not cost effective as new training and accreditation structures had to be created. The fact that generally more than 80% of overexposures are caused by human error is a clear indication that training of the daily users of X-ray equipment should be emphasized and not the training and accreditation of the technicians responsible for a single quality assurance test per year. Constructive engagement with the professional bodies involved in the medical use of X-rays through a National Advisory Committee on Electronic Products may be a cost effective solution for lowering radiation dose to the population.

Download Full-text

Analisis Dosis Paparan Radiasi Pada General X-Ray II Di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Muhammadiyah Semarang

Jurnal Imejing Diagnostik (JImeD) ◽

10.31983/jimed.v6i2.5858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 96-102

Author(s):

Ida Septiyanti ◽

M. Ardhi Khalif ◽

Edi Daenur Anwar

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Radiation Exposure ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Radiation Source ◽

Waiting Room ◽

X Ray ◽

Ion Chamber ◽

Radiation Distribution ◽

Exposure Distribution

Background: This study analyzes the Radiation Dose of the General X-ray Radiology Installation at Roemani Hospital Muhammadiyah Semarang to determine the dose received by the radiographer, the community around the room and to know the value of the effectiveness of radiation protection and to determine the pattern of radiation exposure distribution in the general X-ray radiology installation room II.Methods: Measurements were taken during general X-ray exposure and without exposure using a 451P ion chamber survey. Measurement of dose data received by the radiographer and the community around the room is taken at the point of the operator’s room, service room, waiting room. As for the measurement of the effectiveness of radiation protection taken at the point in the operator’s room and the general X-ray II and the radiation distribution pattern taken at points A, B, C, D and E with a distance of 40 cm, 80 cm and 120 cm in the room general X-ray II.Result: The result of measurements in the operator room are 0.0354 µSv / hour, waiting rooms with a distance of 3.5 m at 0.0146 µSv / hour, in the service room and waiting room with a distance of 8 m at 0 µSv / hour. The value of the effectiveness of radiation protection in the operator station is 83.33% and the general X-ray II door is 84.09%.Conclusions: Based on the results of the data obtained the value of the dose received and the value of effectiveness is quite safe from excessive radiation exposure. The radiation distribution pattern, the farther the distance from the radiation source, the measured radiation exposure value will be lower.

Download Full-text