scholarly journals Reforms in France: When Competition and Cooperation Clash

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
Christine Musselin
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
The Past

France has experienced two major waves of reforms in the past fifteen years. The first one enhanced cooperation at the local level and the second increased the level of competition. This paper describes these reforms and analyses how they interfered one with another.

scholarly journals Assessing the Prospects of Transboundary Multihazard Dynamics: The Case of Bhotekoshi—Sunkoshi Watershed in Sino—Nepal Border Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3670
Author(s):  
Suraj Lamichhane ◽  
Komal Raj Aryal ◽  
Rocky Talchabhadel ◽  
Bhesh Raj Thapa ◽  
Rabindra Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transboundary Watersheds ◽  
Underlying Causes

The impacts of multihazards have become more pronounced over the past few decades globally. Multiple hazards and their cascading impacts claim enormous losses of lives, livelihoods, and built environment. This paradigm prompts integrated and multidisciplinary perspectives to identify, characterize, and assess the occurrence of multihazards and subsequently design countermeasures considering impending multihazard scenarios at the local level. To this end, we considered one of the most egregious transboundary watersheds, which is regarded as a multihazard hotspot of Nepal, to analyze the underlying causes and cascade scenarios of multihazards, and their associated impacts. In this paper, geophysical, hydrometeorological, and socioeconomic perspectives are formulated to characterize the watershed from the dimension of susceptibility to multihazard occurrence. To characterize the complex dynamics of transboundary multihazard occurrence, insights have been presented from both the Nepali and the Chinese sides. Individual case studies and the interrelation matrix between various natural hazards are also presented so as to depict multihazard consequences in the transboundary region. The sum of the observations highlights that the watershed is highly vulnerable to a single as well as multiple natural hazards that often switch to disasters.

scholarly journals Negotiating Roles and Routines in Collaborative Investigative Journalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Konow-Lund
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Investigative Journalism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Tax Haven ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Traditional Understanding ◽  
Media Company

Over the past two decades, the practice of investigative journalism has been reconstructed via the rise of journalistic networks around the world that have layered collaboration atop what had long been an individual pursuit. Among the recent successes of collaborative investigative journalism was the cross-border effort to expose the tax haven leaks that included the Panama Papers (2016). Due to such notable accomplishments, research on cross-border collaboration is increasing, but the ways in which this pooling of resources, time, and networks has impacted practice on a daily basis remain under-investigated. This article looks at how organizations and actors in emerging and legacy newsrooms are negotiating their routines and roles while developing new practices in investigative journalism. It uses three organizations as cases: Bristol Cable, a journalistic co-op operating at the community/local level; the Bureau Local, a local/national data-coordinating news desk; and <em>The Guardian</em>, a legacy media company that has long operated at the national/global level. This article finds that, in the transitions of traditional organizations and journalists and the emergence of new innovative organizations and non-journalistic actors, actors involved in collaborative investigative journalism deploy a language of justification regarding rules between the new and the old. It also finds that concepts such as coordination are part of this negotiation, and that knowledge and knowledge generation are taking place within a traditional understanding of journalism, as the “new” is normalized over time.

Electronic switching for trunk systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 289 (1356) ◽  
pp. 79-91
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Program Control ◽  
Telecommunication Service ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Electronic Switching ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Services

The past decade has seen the worldwide introduction of electronic switching with stored program control. Initially the application of this new technology was in local exchanges but today electronic systems are being introduced into trunk systems as well. One of the latest applications is No. 4 E.S.S., a very large trunk switch. This system, in combination with local systems such as No. 1 E.S.S. and new signalling arrangements, offers major innovations in telecommunication service. The introduction of stored program electronic switching at the local level in the Bell System has led to literally hundreds of new services and features being made available and many more being developed or planned. With stored program control and new signalling arrangements in the connecting trunk systems, the door is opened to both extending the local services and introducing totally new services. These trends are discussed along with examples of possible services. Finally, the effects on development, manufacture, administration, and the customer are reviewed.

scholarly journals Industrial strategy and local economic development: The case of the foundry industry in Ekurhuleni Metro

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Phele ◽  
S Roberts ◽  
I Steuart
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Action Plans ◽  
Foundry Industry ◽  
The Past ◽  
Concrete Action

This  article explores the challenges for the development of manufacturing through a case study of the foundry industry in Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality. Ekurhuleni Metro covers the largest concentration in South Africa, but the industry’s performance has been poor over the past decade.  The findings reported here highlight the need to understand firm decisions around investment, technology and skills, and the role of local economic linkages in this regard.  The differing performance of foundries strongly supports the need to develop concrete action plans and effective institutions at local level to support the development of local agglomerations.

scholarly journals Nepal-China-India: Prospects and Challenges of Trilateralism

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Bhim Nath Baral
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
International System ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
China And India ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Power

Competition and cooperation are the major characters of international system. China and India exactly are in the same position. They are in the race of being global power. They have very bitter experience of relation in the past as both countries fought the war in 1962 and several issues are still unsolved. However, time has come to be global players which is impossible without the support of immediate neighbors. Nepal, though is a small land- locked developing country, is located in strategically important place. A stable and prosperous Nepal can contribute to healthy relation between China and India. In spite of some issues of controversies, there is prospect of trilateral cooperation because of geographical proximity, culture, civilization, trade, investment, transportation tourism and similar other factors. This accounts to the need of joining hands and developing trilateral cooperation. So, this article aims to access the prospects and challenges of trilateralism between China, India and Nepal. The data required are obtained from secondary sources and are descriptive and analytical.

Territorial Changes to Municipalities and Inter-Municipal Cooperation: A Comparative Overview and Orientations for Slovenia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iztok Rakar ◽  
Bojan Tičar ◽  
Maja Klun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Public Decision

Local self-government has faced a number of challenges over the past decade. The financial crisis has revealed new dimensions of the eternal question of financing self-governing local communities, while distrust and a lack of interest in participation in local democracy among the people have led to considerations of different approaches to public decision-making concerning local issues. A comparative overview shows that the question of the “perfect size” of municipalities is currently very relevant and aimed at finding dimensions that would enable the municipality to ensure both local-level democracy and identity and economic efficiency in the delivery of public services. The most popular tool for achieving this goal is the merger of municipalities, although other approaches also exist, including various forms of inter-municipal cooperation. Some forms of inter-municipal cooperation have already taken firm hold in Slovenia, although the question of the potential impacts of alternative forms of inter-municipal cooperation on the democratic legitimacy of decision-making processes and the potential of these processes for the developmental breakthrough of Slovenian municipalities has yet to receive adequate attention.

Sustainable community movement organisations

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Forno ◽  
Paolo R Graziano
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Political Consumerism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sustainable Community ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
Community Movement

In the current economic crisis, social movements are simultaneously facing two types of challenges: first, they are confronting institutions which are less able (or willing) to mediate new demands for social justice and equity emerging from various sectors of society, and second, given the highly individualised structure of contemporary society, they are also experiencing difficulties in building bonds of solidarity and cooperation among people, bonds which are a fundamental resource for collective action. It is in this context that protests waves, which may be very relevant, are in fact often short-lived, and it is in this context that we detect the rise and consolidation of new mutualistic and cooperative experiences within which (similarly to the past) new ties and frames for collective action are created. This article discusses and analyses social movement organisations which focus on both the intensification of economic problems and the difficulties of rebuilding social bonds and solidarity within society, emphasising solidarity and the use of ‘alternative’ forms of consumption as means to re-embed the economic system within social relations, starting from the local level. While discussing what is new and/or what has been renewed in new Sustainable Community Movement Organisations, the article will develop an analytical framework which will combine social movements and political consumerism theories by focusing on two basic dimensions: consumer culture and identity and organisational resources and repertoire of action.

scholarly journals Dietary plasticity of North American herbivores: a synthesis of stable isotope data over the past 7 million years

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1948) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa I. Pardi ◽  
Larisa R. G. DeSantis
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
North American ◽  
Tooth Enamel ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Dietary Behaviour ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dietary Breadth ◽  
Dietary Plasticity ◽  
Dietary Niche

Palaeoecological interpretations are based on our understanding of dietary and habitat preferences of fossil taxa. While morphology provides approximations of diets, stable isotope proxies provide insights into the realized diets of animals. We present a synthesis of the isotopic ecologies ( δ 13 C from tooth enamel) of North American mammalian herbivores since approximately 7 Ma. We ask: (i) do morphological interpretations of dietary behaviour agree with stable isotope proxy data? (ii) are grazing taxa specialists, or is grazing a means to broaden the dietary niche? and (iii) how is dietary niche breadth attained in taxa at the local level? We demonstrate that while brachydont taxa are specialized as browsers, hypsodont taxa often have broader diets that included more browse consumption than previously anticipated. It has long been accepted that morphology imposes limits on the diet; this synthesis supports prior work that herbivores with ‘grazing’ adaptions, such as hypsodont teeth, have the ability to consume grass but are also able to eat other foods. Notably, localized dietary breadth of even generalist taxa can be narrow (approx. 30 to 60% of a taxon's overall breadth). This synthesis demonstrates that ‘grazing-adapted’ taxa are varied in their diets across space and time, and this flexibility may reduce competition among ancient herbivores.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHY OF THE TREES DENSITY IN OPEN WOODLANDS THAT ARE FORMED ON THE TERRITORY OF THE EROSIONAL NETWORK IN THE BELGOROD REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
P.A. Ukrainskiy ◽  
◽  
E.A. Terekhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Statistical Computing ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Weighted Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reduced Density

Over the past two decades, in the Belgorod region there has been a spread of woody vegetation along the erosional network. One of the forms of this process is the formation of open woodlands. In this work, we research the density of trees in such light forests. On the territory of the Belgorod region, we chose 200 sites with an area of 1 ha each. We mapped trees inside the sites using mosaics of satellite images Google Map. For this, we used the QGIS program and the plugin Quick Map Services. Based on these data, by interpolation, maps of changes in the density of trees in open woodlands were constructed. To show local variation, interpolation by the method of inverse-weighted distance is used. To identify trends at the subregional and regional level, we applied smoothing interpolation (based on a locally weighted mean according to the Nadaraya-Watson formula.) with a bandwidth of 20 and 50 km, respectively. We performed the interpolation in the environment for statistical computing R using an additional spatstat package. Among 200 plots, tree density ranged from 21 to 415 pcs / ha. On average, it was equal to 111.2 pcs / ha. At the local level, there are no clearly visible patterns. At the subregional level, alternation occurs when moving from west to east areas with increased and reduced density of trees open woodlands. At the regional level, there is a decrease in tree density when moving from the northwest to the southeast.

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