scholarly journals Teksttype og polyfoni

Author(s):  
Kjersti Fløttum

There is a general scepticism as to definitions of text types based on determined lin-guistic criteria. The subject of this article is to show how it is possible to strengthen the linguistic basis of text typologies. After a description of the evolution of text typology from Werlich (1976) via van Dijk (1980) to Adam (1992), linguistic polyphony is presented as a contribution to a linguistic foundation of Adamís prototypical typology. It is shown how the polyphonic structure can describe, make explicit and explain ty-pological text features.

2020 ◽  
pp. 301-323
Author(s):  
Natalya I. Kikilo ◽  

In the Macedonian literary language the analytic da-construction used in an independent clause has a wide range of possible modal meanings, the most common of which are imperative and optative. The present article offers a detailed analysis of the semantics and functions of the Macedonian optative da-construction based on fiction and journalistic texts. The first part of the article deals with the specificities of the optative as a category which primarily considers the subject of a wish. In accordance with the semantic characteristics of this category, optative constructions are used in those discourse text types where the speakers are explicitly designated (the most natural context for the optative is the dialogue). The analysis of the Macedonian material includes instances of atypical usage of the optative da-construction, in which the wish of the subject is not apparent and thereby produces new emotional tonalities perceptible to the reader of a fiction/journalistic text. The study describes Macedonian constructions involving two different verb forms: 1) present tense form (da + praes) and 2) imperfective form (da + impf). These constructions formally designate the hypothetical and counterfactual status of the optative situation, respectively. Thus, the examples in the analysis are ordered according to two types of constructions, which reflect the speaker’s view on the probability of the realisation of his/her wish. Unrealistic wishes can be communicated through the present da-construction, while the imperfective construction denotes situations in which the wish can be realised in the future. The second part of the article is devoted to performative optative da-constructions, which express formulas of speech etiquette, wishes and curses. The analysis demonstrates that these constructions lose their magical functions, when used outside of the ritual context, and begin to function as interjections.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Liudmila A. Kadzhaya ◽  
◽  
Iuliia M. Kuznetsova ◽  
Vladimir A. Salimovskii ◽  
Margarita I. Suvorova ◽  
...  

The article examines the thematic organization of instructional texts in the aspect of problems relevant to work on the creation of a cognitive assistant. The purpose of the assistant is to provide a user with the necessary information to follow the rules of a particular scenario to successfully achieve a goal according to the search query. The query containing certain keywords, further specified as the task being solved, is focused on a detailed set of topics which mark the subject areas reflected in the scenario. The authors of the article provide a review of some linguistic works devoted to the issues of theme-rhematic structuring of a produced text and its compression within the limits of keywords. The importance of the description of the text’s thematic chains, to obtain the detailed objective information on its thematic structure, is emphasized. When comparing the list of keywords identified by the automatic system TextApplianсe in a collection of Internet-extracted instructional texts retrieved from the Internet with the results of hand-held analysis of these texts, to determine the place of various nominative units in the text’s thematic organization, the authors consider the most significant characteristics of a keyword shown in different nominative units to varying degrees. This is a high indicator of a text identifier, content capacity, and communicative significance of a word or a substantive phrase as a marker of important information for a recipient. Defining keywords in whole instructional texts and in relatively independent text fragments (subtexts) that describe individual stages of the user’s goal achievement (for example, the stages of selecting a car, its inspection, making a transaction, car registration) makes it possible to improve the quality of scenario identification in the Network. Extracting keywords along with their context allows for the creation of a recommendations’ database for users automatically. The significance of the theme-rhematic text structure analysis, as a sign for its modeling in the sign picture of the world, is revealed.


2019 ◽  
pp. 219-244
Author(s):  
Brigita Bosnar-Valković ◽  
Anamarija Gjuran-Coha

The subject of this paper is the frequency analysis of anglicisms in German tourism brochures. In line with the fact that tourism as a global activity is mainly communicated in English, and that the language of tourism as a LSP is exposed to a very strong English language influence, the aim of this paper is to perform a frequency analysis of the anglicisms in terms of their number, frequency, type of word, the type – token ratio as well as the frequency of anglicisms related to the representative text types. Based on the frequency analysis, the identification and analysis of the stylistic features of anglicisms in German tourism brochures in terms of representative text types was performed.


2019 ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Андрей Лысевич

В статье рассматривается библейский текст и комментарий к нему древнеримского толкователя Амвросиаста. Предмет исследования примечателен тем, что является наиболее значительным фрагментом первого в истории латинской христианской литературы опыта полного комментария на все послания апостола (за исключением Евр.). Кроме того, известно, что памятник имел широкое распространение в средневековой Европе. Основной целью исследования является обнаружение особенностей библейского текста Амвросиаста и выявление их влияния на интерпретацию. В работе обсуждается принадлежность библейского текста Амвросиаста к основным текстовым типам Vetus Latina, а именно к африканскому киприановскому тексту. На основании сравнительного анализа с Nova Vulgata выделяются наиболее значимые с точки зрения смысла мутации, производится оценка их объёма, а также описывается их влияние на интерпретацию библейского текста Амвросиастом. Показано, что объём мутаций может быть оценен в размере 4-5 % от общего объёма текста. Некоторые особенности библейского текста становятся основанием мнений Амвросиаста о том, что апостол неоднократно извещал римлян о своём намерении посетить их через третьих лиц; смерти достойны не только совершающие смертные грехи, но и соизволяющие им. Мутация библейского текста становится одной из причин формирования своеобразного учения Амвросиаста о первородном грехе, как о совершённом всеми нами в Адаме. В работе высказывается предположение, что эти особенности Комментариев Амвросиаста могли получить распространение в латинской литературе даже после унификации библейского текста. Приводится пример такого влияния через сочинения блаженного Августина. The article discusses the biblical text and its commentary by the Roman interpreter Ambrosiaster. The subject of the study is notable for the fact that it is the most significant fragment of the first ever in the history of Latin Christian literature full commentary on all the Epistles of the Apostle (except for Heb.). In addition, it is known that the work was widespread in medieval Europe. The main goal of the article is to indicate the peculiarities of the Ambrosiaster biblical text and to reveal their influence on the interpretation. The paper discusses how the biblical text of Ambrosiaster belongs to the main text types of the Vetus Latina, namely to the African Cyprian text. Based on a comparative analysis with the Nova Vulgata, the most significant discrepancies of meaning are highlighted, their volume estimated, and their influence on the interpretation of the biblical text by Ambrosiaster is described. It is shown that the volume of mutations can be estimated at 4-5 % of the total text volume. Some features of the biblical text lie at the foundation of Ambrosiaster’s opinion that the Apostle had repeatedly informed the Romans of his intention to visit them through third parties; death is a just consequence not only for those committing mortal sins, but also for those who patronage them. One of the variations in the biblical text serves as one of the reasons for the formation of Ambrosiaster’s original teaching on original sin, as committed by all of us in Adam. It is suggested in the paper that these features of Ambrosiaster’s Commentaries could be spread throughout Latin literature even after the unification of the biblical text. An example of such an influence is given in the writings of blessed Augustine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-227
Author(s):  
Larisa D. Bednarskaya

The article continues the series of publications on the problems of multilevel comprehension of systematics in modern educational processes. This determines the attitude to the Russian language course as a discipline of the meta-subject integrative level, which allows to integrate the acquired competencies with other subjects of the school cycle. On the basis of the assimilation of theoretical material tendency to diagnose the formation of competencies in the functional aspect is more clearly defined, when the basis of the norms of language focuses on language: a functional-communicative aspect backbone relies on a linguistic basis. Test materials for the exam on the Russian language correspond to the functional-communicative filling the content of the Programs of the GEF. Awareness of the systematic nature of the processes of studying the subject and diagnosing its assimilation allows to intensify both its assimilation and the diagnosis of the formed competencies, opens up prospects for optimizing the educational process. The article offers examples of compression of theoretical material of different volumes, which help to generalize a huge layer of speech implementations and easily learn them.


The goal of communicative analysis is to transform the Subject-Predicate-Objects-Adverbials structure of individual sentences into a metalinguistic information structure. In the latter, two basic data types are identified, objects and attributes. Attributes are linked to a single object or establish connections between a number of objects (in which case they can be also called predicates). An attribute together with its object(s) forms a proposition. In the information structure, objects can be related to one another either directly or via attributes. Attributes are also interrelated by temporal, causal, and other links. There is no direct correspondence between the constituents of the Subject-Predicate-Objects-Adverbials structure and the information structure components, e.g. the subject of a sentence does not necessarily become an object in the information structure, etc. The analysis of successive sentences requires to keep track of objects and attributes, which brings in the problem of reference. Information on space and time should also be accounted for and represented in the overall structure. As no restrictions are imposed on the type of the analyzed texts, the chapter summarizes the distinctive features of various text types. However, they prove to be insufficient for the type identification. The situation is further complicated by their intricate combinations (narration can alternate with description, persuasion can enter into narration, etc.). This chapter is a pilot study of quite a number of issues central for natural language processing but as yet lacking attention and satisfactory solution.


Litera ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 124-143
Author(s):  
Qiang Ding

Internet memes and postcards as the popular carriers of Internet communications, implement new, simplified in literary and aesthetic level forms of communication. The process of creating such genres entails departure from orthographic rules, among which is the use of uppercase letters. The subject of the research is the determination of peculiarities of practical use of uppercase letters in Internet memes and postcards. The goal is to follow the observance of orthographic rules in these genres regarding the use of uppercase letters, as well as to identify the stylistic peculiarities of these two genres and characteristic use of uppercase letters. The relevance and scientific novelty of this article consists in examination of content creation for Internet memes and postcards, rather than memes themselves. Extralinguistic roots of the problem of liberal use or inobservance of uppercase letters are detected on the linguistic basis. The research leans on the content from open sources. The conclusion is made that both linguistic genres represent the examples of mass communications addressed primarily to the users with lower aesthetic demand; different linguistic gradation lead to certain departure from orthographic rules in both genres; this may not be progressive from the perspective of language development, but rather be oriented towards primitivization of content.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Hawamdeh

The present study aims at observing how bracketed insertions in translation elicit mutual cooperation with receptors. As a survey-based study applying to an officially approved English interpretation of the Quran, it seeks to examine whether any insertions in brackets hinder the SL message from being well-conveyed and for what reasons they may be left out of it. Methodically, a multifaceted, self-administered questionnaire including two text-types of the Quran with an identical set of questions per each was completed by 73 potential English-speaking readers. Found to be generally cooperative, the subject insertions were agreed to be true (78.8%) and informative (74.7%) in favor of the Madani text but not to be relevant (72.6%) nor perspicuous (76.9%) in favor of the Makki one. They were helping to those having any knowledge of Arabic, translating and the Quran yet hindering to those having no knowledge of Arabic, translating or the Quran. The technical insertions depending on the translator’s view of an appropriate relationship between the author’s text and the TL version were the most frequent ones to be left out in favor of the Madani text for ‘saying irrelevant, unimportant things’. Eventually, an improved interpretation is recommended as many TAiPs could be included, adapted, modified or excluded.INTRODUCTION


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Jacek Zyga

Abstract The subject of this article is the still relevant issue of the adequate choice of comparables in evaluation procedures within the sales comparison approach. The text features the results of an experiment that makes it possible to validate the dependence of the accuracy of the final estimation of the price of valued objects in relation to the criteria of significance of similarity as a determinant of accepting individual objects as sufficiently similar, and the dissimilarity coefficients describing the created reference sets. Based on the example of simulated data, it has been shown that there is a clear relationship between the accuracy of the estimates made and the selection of comparables. In a set of all possible calculation variations, estimations based on selected data are characterized by more accurate calculations relative to parallel calculations carried out on the widest possible sets of comparables.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Majchrowska ◽  

The linguistic research of (the new) media so far has mainly focused on the analysis of content from broadcasters – people publishing on the Internet in order to convince the potential recipients to enter the website, read articles, explore the website as well as return after leaving it – in exchange for the material or financial benefit. Several years of observation of a variety of text types existing in the media shows that not only texts from broadcasters make it possible to notice and maintain this attention of recipients. Nowadays, similarly as in marketing and advertising, in the media (but not only there) the essential and productive content comes from the recipient. The subject of this quantitative and qualitative linguistic analysis is the title testimonial as a rapidly growing persuasive (promotional) trend in (new) media and a response to the challenges of the modern society.


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