scholarly journals Analysis of Market Access Agreements in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guvenc Kockaya ◽  
Okan Atalay ◽  
Mustafa Kurnaz ◽  
Selin Okcun ◽  
Nazlı Sencan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Orphan Drugs ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
The Past ◽  
Official Gazette ◽  
Security Institution ◽  
Drug List

BACKGROUND: Reimbursement agencies are increasingly adopting innovative reimbursement approaches for new and expensive technologies. Social Security Institution (SSI), Turkey`s reimbursement agency, established the Alternative Reimbursement Commission (ARC) on February 10, 2016. This study aimed to understand the implementations of market access agreements in recent years in Turkey.METHODS: Decisions of the Health Services Pricing Commission published in the official gazette , and information from the Turkey Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, the Abroad Drug List, Health Implementation Communique published by SSI with additional lists, such as the Annex-4A List of Reimbursed Medicines and the Annex-4C Abroad Drug Price List, were used. The data was transferred to Windows Office Excel files, and a descriptive analysis was conducted and evaluated by two market access experts.RESULTS: There were 57 drugs included in the coverage of reimbursement with alternative reimbursement since the application was started in Turkey. 35 of them were added to Annex-4A and 22 of them to Annex-4C. Furthermore, 45.6% of the drugs had an Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) code of l-antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents, 28% were orphan drugs, 44 of them had a confidential discount rate, and financial-based agreement models were preferred for nearly all agreements.CONCLUSIONS: Turkey has been implementing market access agreements since mid-2016. In the past 3 years, 57 drugs have been covered for reimbursement under the new implementation. Further analysis should be conducted to understand the decision-making process involved.

Impact of Globalisation on Pandemics: A comparative study on SARS and Covid-19 (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Johann And Devika
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Relationship

BACKGROUND Since November 2019, Covid - 19 has spread across the globe costing people their lives and countries their economic stability. The world has become more interconnected over the past few decades owing to globalisation and such pandemics as the Covid -19 are cons of that. This paper attempts to gain deeper understanding into the correlation between globalisation and pandemics. It is a descriptive analysis on how one of the factors that was responsible for the spread of this virus on a global scale is globalisation. OBJECTIVE - To understand the close relationship that globalisation and pandemics share. - To understand the scale of the spread of viruses on a global scale though a comparison between SARS and Covid -19. - To understand the sale of globalisation present during SARS and Covid - 19. METHODS A descriptive qualitative comparative analysis was used throughout this research. RESULTS Globalisation does play a significant role in the spread of pandemics on a global level. CONCLUSIONS - SARS and Covid - 19 were varied in terms of severity and spread. - The scale of globalisation was different during the time of SARS and Covid - 19. - Globalisation can be the reason for the faster spread in Pandemics.

A Big Thank You to our Reviewers in the Past Year!

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 191-195
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Peer Review ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Past

Good reviewers are essential to the success of any journal and peer review is a major pillar of science. We are grateful to those mentioned below to have dedicated their time and expertise to help our authors improve and refine their manuscripts and support the Editor(s) in the decision making process in the past year.

scholarly journals Estimating the number of usability problems affecting medical devices: modelling the discovery matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Vandewalle ◽  
Alexandre Caron ◽  
Coralie Delettrez ◽  
Renaud Périchon ◽  
Sylvia Pelayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Usability Problems ◽  
Usability Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Problem Detection

Abstract Background Usability testing of medical devices are mandatory for market access. The testings’ goal is to identify usability problems that could cause harm to the user or limit the device’s effectiveness. In practice, human factor engineers study participants under actual conditions of use and list the problems encountered. This results in a binary discovery matrix in which each row corresponds to a participant, and each column corresponds to a usability problem. One of the main challenges in usability testing is estimating the total number of problems, in order to assess the completeness of the discovery process. Today’s margin-based methods fit the column sums to a binomial model of problem detection. However, the discovery matrix actually observed is truncated because of undiscovered problems, which corresponds to fitting the marginal sums without the zeros. Margin-based methods fail to overcome the bias related to truncation of the matrix. The objective of the present study was to develop and test a matrix-based method for estimating the total number of usability problems. Methods The matrix-based model was based on the full discovery matrix (including unobserved columns) and not solely on a summary of the data (e.g. the margins). This model also circumvents a drawback of margin-based methods by simultaneously estimating the model’s parameters and the total number of problems. Furthermore, the matrix-based method takes account of a heterogeneous probability of detection, which reflects a real-life setting. As suggested in the usability literature, we assumed that the probability of detection had a logit-normal distribution. Results We assessed the matrix-based method’s performance in a range of settings reflecting real-life usability testing and with heterogeneous probabilities of problem detection. In our simulations, the matrix-based method improved the estimation of the number of problems (in terms of bias, consistency, and coverage probability) in a wide range of settings. We also applied our method to five real datasets from usability testing. Conclusions Estimation models (and particularly matrix-based models) are of value in estimating and monitoring the detection process during usability testing. Matrix-based models have a solid mathematical grounding and, with a view to facilitating the decision-making process for both regulators and device manufacturers, should be incorporated into current standards.

scholarly journals Medical Devices In Japan – A Market Access Labyrinth?

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. A11
Author(s):  
S. Sealey ◽  
A. Edathodu ◽  
S.R. Mukku
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Market Access

Life Cycles in Social Science History

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-489
Author(s):  
Andrew Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Science History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Science History ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

When one is asked to speak on the past, present, and future of social science history, one is less overwhelmed by the size of the task than confused by its indexicality. Whose definition of social science history? Which past? Or, put another way, whose past? Indeed, which and whose present? Moreover, should the task be taken as one of description, prescription, or analysis? Many of us might agree on, say, a descriptive analysis of the past of the Social Science History Association. But about the past of social science history as a general rather than purely associational phenomenon, we might differ considerably. The problem of description versus prescription only increases this obscurity.

scholarly journals Matriarchal Society in The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Teta Irama Setri ◽  
Dwi Budi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Women Characters ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Feminine Divine

This research discusses a novel which written by Sue Monk Kidd entitled The Secret Life of Bees. The writers aims to describe the matriarchal society issue that is often regarded as the opposed of patriarchy. This research aims to answer the question how levels of matriarchal society described in the novel The Secret Life of Bees through women characters in the story. This study applies descriptive qualitative method and typically library research. This research applies socio-historical approach in order to look at the relation between literary work and society’s historical elements that happen in the past. At political level, August character shows as the matriarch or the leader in community with important role for overcoming conflict and decision making process. At economical level, it shows that matriarchal society common practice has right and same position in economic affair and giving gift each other to make the economic condition balance. Last, at spiritual and cultural level, it is described that women characters in The Secret Life of Bees believe in feminine divine which is the Black Mary and doing worship for her. In conclusion, The Secret Life of Bees novel clearly depicts matriarchal society based on the theory of Matriarchy by Heide Göettner-Abendroth.Keyword: The Secret Life of Bees, Matriarchy, Matriarchal Society, Levels of Matriarchal Society, Socio-historical Approach

scholarly journals PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA (TKI) PEREMPUAN UNTUK BEKERJA DI LUAR NEGERI: KASUS KABUPATEN CILACAP

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Aswatini Raharto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Migration Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Women Migrants ◽  
Economic Reason ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Work Abroad

In the past, women migrants are considered as passive migrants following their parents or husbands. However, the increasing number of Indonesian women migrating to work abroad, even outnumbering men, suggests the importance of understanding the reasons underlined their movements. This article examines the decision-making process of working abroad among the returned Indonesian women migrants. A quantitative approach was used to analyze secondary data from several government institutions. Also, the qualitative approach was utilized to understand the migration decision-making process. The study was conducted in Cilacap District, one of the major labor migrant sending districts in Indonesia. The result showed that women have no other choice than working abroad, mainly due to the economic reason. Moreover, the initiative to work abroad commonly comes from the women themselves, while other family members, especially father and husband, only give their consent. It can be said that women are more autonomous and self-assured when deciding to work abroad. 

scholarly journals Adverse Selection in P2P Lending: Does Peer Screening Work Efficiently?—Empirical Evidence from a P2P Platform

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Yao Wang ◽  
Zdenek Drabek
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Type Ii Error ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
The Past ◽  
P2p Lending ◽  
Online Lending

The rapid development of online lending in the past decade, while providing convenience and efficiency, also generates large hidden credit risk for the financial system. Will removing financial intermediaries really provide more efficiency to the lending market? This paper used a large dataset with 251,887 loan listings from a pioneer P2P lending platform to investigate the efficiency of the credit-screening mechanism on the P2P lending platform. Our results showed the existence of a TYPE II error in the investors’ decision-making process, which indicated that the investors were predisposed to making inaccurate diagnoses of signals, and gravitated to borrowers with low creditworthiness while inadvertently screening out their counterparts with high creditworthiness. Due to the growing size of the fintech industry, this may pose a systematic risk to the financial system, necessitating regulators’ close attention. Since, investors can better diagnose soft signals, an effective and transparent enlargement of socially related soft information together with a comprehensive and independent credit bureau could mitigate adverse selection in a disintermediation environment.

scholarly journals Racism towards Black American: Intersectionality in Constructing Social Racist through Poetical Depiction by Langston Hughes and Amy Saunders

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-390
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini ◽  
I Gusti Ayu Sundari Okasunu ◽  
Made Detriasmita Saientisna
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Black People ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Langston Hughes ◽  
Black American ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Racial Issues

In this research, the development of racism based on the different formations of socio-cultural and historical aspects was the standpoint that was shown by the interpretation of poetical depiction of meaning and messages. The gap between Langston Hughes in “I, too, sing America” (1926) and Amy Saunders in “You’re not Black” (2019) as the data advocates for racist transformation in natural past and present American socialization. Several critical studies have examined the racial issues reflected in poems however they didn’t elaborate on racism specifically rather than segregation and discrimination although racism is classified in several types. Moreover, the critical studies have been done only analyzed the racism happened on the past while this study compares the past and present racism as the concern of social construction among black American as the target of unfair treatments. The descriptive qualitative method using documentation, descriptive analysis, and note-taking technique was used to identify and elaborate meaning correlation with racial issues in the poems. This research aimed to classify the figurative language and its meaning related to racism while illustrating the development of racism from the perspective of socio-cultural and historical aspects that influenced the poets and their poetry. Theory of Critical Race was used to demonstrate that racism was developing in a different formation. The research has found the interconnection between historical values of slavery system constructed stereotypes of black people as minor American. Social construction formed a cultural differentiation which led to segregation and discrimination towards black in any form of everyday aspects.

scholarly journals Gender differences in income distributions in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-232
Author(s):  
Julia Włodarczyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Median Income ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Monitoring ◽  
Kernel Density Estimates

The paper presents results of a descriptive analysis of income distributions as well as top income inequality among women and men in Poland. The analysis is based on the dataset provided by the Council for Social Monitoring (2019). Throughout 2003–2015 their panel survey included, for example, a question on individual net monthly income in the past three months. In order to reduce differences associated with the age of entering and exiting the labour market on declared income levels (especially pensions), the calculations include only women and men aged 25–60 years. The analysis of income distributions of women and men in Poland is based on standard measures such as mean income, median income and related measures, as well as the Gini coefficient, Theil index and entropy index. It is supplemented by kernel density estimates and results of simultaneous quantile regressions that demonstrate differences between women and men across income groups. The analysis of top income inequality includes comparisons of subsamples consisting of top 3% earners in each group. The share of women in the top percentiles is then calculated and discussed. The analysis shows different dynamics related to the incomes of women and men, which provides support for including business cycle considerations in the analysis of income inequalities and their gender aspects.

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