scholarly journals The “priests” of East Cape: A religious movement on the Chukchi Peninsula during the 1920s and 1930s

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Peter P. Schweitzer ◽  
Evgeniy V. Golovko
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Chukchi Peninsula ◽  
Ritual Practice ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Rapid Social Change ◽  
Cultural Processes

Abstract Recently broadened fieldwork opportunities in Siberia have not only enabled the study of current social and cultural processes, but also facilitated a re-assessment of previous periods of rapid social change. One of those was, undoubtedly, the decade following the Russian Revolution, when Russians and other outsiders significantly increased their impact in many areas of Siberia. Fieldwork conducted during the 1990s has provided evidence of a previously unrecognised phenomenon, namely the existence of a syncretistic system of worldview and ritual practice in the Siberian Yupik village Naukan. Similar to so-called “revitalisation movements” elsewhere, it can be interpreted as a reaction to increasing Russian colonial pressure. The present paper attempts to situate the Naukan movement in its cultural and political contexts, in order to provide a post-colonial reading of early 20th century transformations.

Private letters of Siberian exiles about the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: 1908–1912

2018 ◽  
pp. 508-521
Author(s):  
Dmitrii A. Baksht ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Police Department ◽  
General System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
State Management ◽  
Management Institutions

The article studies the Turukhansk region as a territory with distinct climatic conditions and, consequently, with distinctive state management institutions and does so in the context of modernization processes of late 19th – early 20th century. This part of the Yenisei gubernia having become a region of mass exile after the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907, its integration into a general system of management slowed down. Private letters of exiles are an important historical source, they reveal many aspects of the daily life of the persons under supervising in the inter-revolutionary period. The ‘Turukhansk revolt’ in the winter of 1908/09 revealed not only the ineffectiveness of exile as a penal measure, but also severel major problems of the region: archaic and scanty management institutions, lack of transport communication with southern uezds of the gubernia, underpopulation, and also gubernia and metropolitan officials’ ignorance of local affairs. The agencies of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs expanded the practice of perlustration as involvement in the revolutionary movement grew. Siberian exiles had their correspondence routinely inspected, and yet in most cases they were inexperienced enough not to encrypt their messages. Surviving perlustration materials offer an ambivalent picture of the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: there were both approval and condemnation of the participants’ actions. The documents tell a tale of extreme cruelty of the punitive detachments even towards those who were not involved in the resistance. The subject of the Siberian exile of the early 20th century has research potential. There is virtually no scholarship on the exiles’ self-reflection concerning the ‘common violence’ of both anti-governmental groups and state punitive agencies. Diversification in political/party or social/class affiliation is not enough. The new materials have revealed a significant gap between several ‘streams’ of exiles: those banished to Siberia in midst of the First Russian Revolution differed from those exiled in 1910s. The article concludes that, having departed from the previous approach to studying the exile, ego-sources cease to be of lesser importance than other types of historical sources. Their subjectivity becomes an advantage for a high-quality text analysis.

Manuscript about the claims of the Onomatodoxists to Pitsunda skete of the New Athos Monastery

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-320
Author(s):  
Marina S. Krutova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Caucasus Mountains ◽  
State Library

The Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library contains materials of different genres about the claims of the Onomatodoxists to Pitsunda skete of the New Athos Monastery, named after Simon the Canaanean — letters, reports, petitions. The reason for the Onomatodoxists disputes is believed to be the book “On the Caucasus Mountains” by Schemamonk Ilarion (worldly Ivan Domrachyov), who was assigned to the New Athos monastery after he had left Old Athos. The originals of the published documents are kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library in the fund of Bishop Nikon (worldly Nikolay Rozhdestvenskiy); the former was a member of the Most Holy Synod, actively opposed the religious movement which arose on Old Athos in the early 20th century. The value of the published documents lies in the fact that they tell about a little-known page in the history of the New Athos Monastery.

scholarly journals Cults, Crosses, and Crescents: Religion and Healing from Colonial Violence in Tanzania

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 519
Author(s):  
Nancy Rushohora ◽  
Valence Silayo
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Local Religion ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
Colonial Government

More often than not, Africans employed local religion and the seemingly antagonistic faith of Christianity and Islam, to respond to colonial exploitation, cruelty, and violence. Southern Tanzanians’ reaction during the Majimaji resistance presents a case in point where the application of local religion, Christianity, and Islam for both individual and community spiritual solace were vivid. Kinjekitile Ngwale—the prominent war ritualist—prophesied that a concoction (Maji) would turn the German’s bullets to water, which in turn would be the defeat of the colonial government. Equally, Christian and Islamic doctrines were used to motivate the resistance. How religion is used in the post-colonial context as a cure for maladies of early 20th-century colonialism and how local religion can inspire political change is the focus of this paper. The paper suggests that religion, as propagated by the Majimaji people for the restoration of social justice to the descendant’s communities, is a form of cultural heritage playing a social role of remedying colonial violence.

Divination and Politics in Southern Vietnam: Roots of Caodaism

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Jammes
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Southern Vietnam

Caodaism is a Vietnamese religious movement that appeared in colonial Cochinchina in the 1920s. What are the sociological roots of Caodaism? The author attempts to answer this question through an analysis of the Caodaist networks that developed in the early 20th century in Cochinchina. Setting out some ethnographic materials concerning the Chinese Minh religions, the author focuses on only one of the five Minh religions in Vietnam, called Minh Lý (“Enlightened Reason”). He sheds new light on the esoteric roots of Caodaism, on the political regulation of the religious sphere and, finally, on the religious and political map of Southern Vietnam.

Diffusion – Disjunktion – Distanz

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-284
Author(s):  
Melis Avkiran
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Art History ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Hierarchical Order ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
History Of

"Diffusion – Disjunktion – Distanz Erwin Panofskys kulturmorphologische Grundierung oder Nachdenken über Renaissanceand Renascences (1944) Der vorliegende Beitrag skizziert den ersten Teil eines Forschungsentwurfs, in dessenZentrum Erwin Panofskys Artikel Renaissance and Renascences aus dem Jahr 1944steht. Die Analyse des Textes fokussiert Panofskys historische Formel des sog. ›Disjunktionsprinzips‹zur Antikenrezeption und beleuchtet das inliegende Verständniskultureller Prozesse und Zusammenhänge. Der Blick wird auf die kulturtheoretischenImplikationen gelenkt, die in Panofskys Formel enthalten sind. Diese impliziertnämlich eine grundsätzliche Mobilität antiker Kulturelemente. Mit Nähezum ethnologischen Modell der Diffusion wird ein kulturtheoretischer Zugangzu Panofskys Arbeit ermöglicht, der bisher ebenso wenig beachtet wie ideengeschichtlichkontextualisiert wurde. Dabei wird deutlich, dass kulturelle Tradierungsich anhand diffusionistischer Erklärungsmuster mit dem Ziel formiert, einehierarchische Ordnung europäischer (Kultur‑)Epochen am Beispiel der Antikenrezeptionzu postulieren. Der Ansatz zeigt das Potenzial, welches sich im Vergleichdominanter Strömungen der deutschen Ethnologie und der Kunstgeschichte imfrühen 20. Jahrhundert verbirgt. This article sketches the first part of a research project centred on Erwin Panofsky’s article»Renaissance and Renascences« from 1944. The analysis of the text focuses on Panofsky’shistorical formula of the so-called ›principle of disjunction‹ for the reception of antiquity andsheds light on the internal understanding of cultural processes and contexts. The view is directedto the cultural-theoretical implications contained in Panofsky’s formula. This implies afundamental mobility of classical cultural elements. The proximity to the ethnological modelof diffusion enables a cultural-theoretical approach to Panofsky’s work that has so far beenignored, nor has it been contextualized in terms of a history of ideas. It becomes clear thatcultural tradition is formed on the basis of diffusionist explanatory patterns with the aim ofpostulating a hierarchical order of European (cultural) epochs using the example of the receptionof antiquity. The approach shows the potential hidden in the comparison of dominantcurrents in German ethnology and art history in the early 20th century "

Anarchism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Political Justice ◽  
Social Philosopher ◽  
Political Program

Anarchism is a term derived from the Greek anarkhia, meaning "contrary to authority" or "without a ruler." Anarchism narrowly refers to a theory of society without state rule, and generally to a social and political ideology advocating a society that does not use coercive forms of authority. Many advocates trace its roots to the Greek Stoics. William Godwin’s An Inquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793) is widely recognized as the first work to present a full articulation of the idea of anarchism. The term was considered derisory until the French social philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon used it in 1840 to describe his political program. Proudhon is credited as the first to call himself an anarchist. The Russian revolutionary Michael Bakunin (1814–1876), a key figure in anarchism, sought the violent overthrow of the state in order to replace it with a federation built on the basis of voluntary associations. Bakunin was a proponent of what would become anarcho-syndicalism, a term not coined until the early 20th century by Sam Mainwaring in Britain and Georges Sorel in France. Anarcho-syndicalism focused on trade unions as the transformative agent of social change, because they championed workers and could serve as a foundation for a new social organization after the successful overthrow of the existing state.

scholarly journals ЕDINOVERIE THOUGHT IN THE ERA OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NEWSPAPER “PRAVDA PRAVOSLAVIYA”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Palkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

The paper analyzes experience of Edinoverie political thought in the era of the First Russian Revolution. Analysis is conducted in the context of development of Edinoverie thought and formation of confessional identity of Edinovertsy in the second half of the 19th century — early 20th century. Three specific directions of Edinoverie formed during this period were identified: conservative, radical and reformist. The focus of the article is on the latter, headed by St. Petersburg priest Simeon Shleev. Its representatives advocated reforming the synodal structure of the church, convening a Local Council, strengthening the autonomy of Edinovertsy and uniting them under the auspices of the St. Petersburg center of Edinoverie. Their organ was the “Pravda Pravoslaviya” (Truth of Orthodoxy) newspaper (published for some time under the title “Glagol Vremen” (The Word of Times)). The publication of the first issues of the newspaper fell on the era of the First Russian Revolution. That is why the St. Petersburg co-religionists, claiming leadership among their fellow believers throughout the country, began to write on political topics and publicly critically interpret the surrounding political reality. The paper determines thematic field and authors, who touched political matters in 1906–1907 in “Pravda Pravoslaviya” and “Glagol Vremen”, analyzes dynamics of such publications. Conclusions are drawn about the correlation between the general political agenda and specific issues that worried Edinovertsy.

4. Revolutionary terrorism

2018 ◽  
pp. 54-73
Author(s):  
Charles Townshend
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Nation States

The word ‘revolutionary’ has been applied over the last century in three social-political contexts: within existing nation-states; in external colonial situations; and in ‘internal colonial’ situations where ethnic groups are oppressed by a majority group within a single area. ‘Revolutionary terrorism’ explores contrasting motives for revolution: social transformation, assertion of ethnic identity, and progressive ideology. Terrorism can be divided into two ages: the late 19th century to early 20th century, where the aim was to seize political power from the established regime to bring about profound political and social change; and the early 20th century onwards, on the sidelines of political action, a terrorism of resistance.

Sudjojono, Sindudarsono (1913–1986)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Cox
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Social Realism ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Critical Writings

Sindudarsono Sudjojono was seminal in developing a discourse of modernity in early 20th-century Indonesia. Though a painter, he was most influential as a critic and activist. Through his critical writings, the formation of numerous painters’ associations, his political activism, and his ties to President Sukarno, Sudjojono married his political aspirations for social equality with his career as a modernist painter. His commitment to social issues and to revealing the "visible soul" in painting fueled his instruction of what many have described as an honest approach to painting. Sudjojono’s paintings exhibit a modern self-reflexivity and an emotive quality made explicit through a somber palette and expressive brushwork. His paintings evoking the gritty reality of daily life demonstrate little regard for the illusionistic or academic qualities of earlier Indonesian painters and distinguish him as a pioneer of social realism in Indonesian art. His early life, and his career tied to Indonesian independence, has been valorized within post-colonial narratives and continues to be a great source of interest for art historians. After his resignation from the Indonesian Communist Party and the Lembaga Kebudayan Rakyat [Peoples’ Cultural League] in 1958, his work largely focused on landscape, still lifes, and family portraits. This period of introspection and contemplation has not attracted the same kind of attention as his earlier life and work.

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