Private letters of Siberian exiles about the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: 1908–1912

2018 ◽  
pp. 508-521
Author(s):  
Dmitrii A. Baksht ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Police Department ◽  
General System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
State Management ◽  
Management Institutions

The article studies the Turukhansk region as a territory with distinct climatic conditions and, consequently, with distinctive state management institutions and does so in the context of modernization processes of late 19th – early 20th century. This part of the Yenisei gubernia having become a region of mass exile after the First Russian Revolution of 1905–1907, its integration into a general system of management slowed down. Private letters of exiles are an important historical source, they reveal many aspects of the daily life of the persons under supervising in the inter-revolutionary period. The ‘Turukhansk revolt’ in the winter of 1908/09 revealed not only the ineffectiveness of exile as a penal measure, but also severel major problems of the region: archaic and scanty management institutions, lack of transport communication with southern uezds of the gubernia, underpopulation, and also gubernia and metropolitan officials’ ignorance of local affairs. The agencies of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs expanded the practice of perlustration as involvement in the revolutionary movement grew. Siberian exiles had their correspondence routinely inspected, and yet in most cases they were inexperienced enough not to encrypt their messages. Surviving perlustration materials offer an ambivalent picture of the ‘Turukhansk revolt’: there were both approval and condemnation of the participants’ actions. The documents tell a tale of extreme cruelty of the punitive detachments even towards those who were not involved in the resistance. The subject of the Siberian exile of the early 20th century has research potential. There is virtually no scholarship on the exiles’ self-reflection concerning the ‘common violence’ of both anti-governmental groups and state punitive agencies. Diversification in political/party or social/class affiliation is not enough. The new materials have revealed a significant gap between several ‘streams’ of exiles: those banished to Siberia in midst of the First Russian Revolution differed from those exiled in 1910s. The article concludes that, having departed from the previous approach to studying the exile, ego-sources cease to be of lesser importance than other types of historical sources. Their subjectivity becomes an advantage for a high-quality text analysis.

scholarly journals The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.

scholarly journals WORKERS OF DISTRICT TOWN: THE PLANT’S WORKERS OF LUHANS’K IN LABOR’S CONFLICTS AND REVOLUTIONARY WAVES DURING THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2017 ◽  
pp. 51-72
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Gauchman
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Social ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Times ◽  
First World

The article deals with the collective actions of plant workers in Luhans’k (inRussian pronunciation – Lugansk) in labor conflicts during the First Russianrevolution (1905–1907) and the First World War (1914–1918). This town wasone of the main towns of industrial Donbass and the center of Slovianoserbiandistrict of Ekaterinoslavian province.The relationships between administration and workers in Luhans’k areinvestigated on the materials of clerical work of Ekaterinoslavian provinceand memoirs of participators on events. These sources are especially aboutthe behavior of workers from two big industrial enterprises – the Gartmanplant and the Cartridges plant. In the crisis periods, such as revolutions andwars, the social-political relations are sharpened and changeable. And revolutionsand wars left behind enough historical sources for studying workers’history.In the Luhans’k’s enterprises, there were – during the First Russian Revolution– the general town’s strike in February 1905, the attempt of the strike tothe 1st of May 1905 in the Gartman plant, the strike in the Gartman plant inJuly 1905, the mass unrest in December 1905, the attempt of strike to the 1stof May 1906 in the Gartman plant, the lockout in the Gartman plant in March1907 and the general town’s strike in July 1916 in the time of social-economicscrisis during the First World War. The studying of strikes, attempts ofstrikes and mass unrests in 1905–1907 and 1916 allows defining some featuresof collective’s activity of plant’s workers:1) the inconsistent solidarity of workers in the times of strikes. The generalunderstanding of oppressed status and necessity of fighting for their rightsspread among the workers during the strike’s waves, but this solidarity ofworkers didn’t cause to cooperative planned activities;2) the crisis of vertical relationships between administrators and workersin the time of strikes of 1905 and 1916. In Patron plant subordination and paternalismwere saved during the strike in February 1905, unlike in Gartmanplant, but not in the strike in 1916;3) the influence on workers of the revolutionary movement. Revolution ideasand local activists of illegal political parties were impacted of workers’ moods in the crisis times. In 1905 increasing of social-democrats’ activity in Luhans’kwas the aftermath of town’s strikes. But in 1916 the spreading of revolutionideas preceded the emergence in workers’ dissatisfaction with their ownsituation during the social-economics crises, which was the cause of generaltown’s strike;4) the workers’ capacity to spontaneous self-organization during strikesand making the continuous organization forms in the Gartman plant. In thisenterprise in 1906 was formed two workers’ organizations: pawnshop andprofessional association. This association conflicted with plant’s administrationin 1907 and headed the strikes in 1906.

scholarly journals Scientific Research in the European Part of the Arctic Territories in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century as a Part of the North of European Russia Modernization Program

2020 ◽  
pp. 774-785
Author(s):  
Anna K. Gagieva ◽  
◽  
Nikolay N. Gagiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
European Part ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Stage Of Development

The article discusses main stages of scientific research of the arctic territories of the European North in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Drawing on historical sources and published literature, it concludes that the nature of research changed due to requirements of the time. It is known that the second half of the 19th – early 20th century was a time when society faced the task of expanding its reproduction base, which stimulated development of new spaces, introduction of new means of transport, and active inclusion of population and regions in production relations. The speed and efficiency of the developing commercial interactions between the territories came to the fore. Overcoming institutional and technical backwardness of the country and its territories involved a consistent expansion of the “effective national territory” by means of market development, spatial mobility of the main factors of production, capital, labor, and transport infrastructure improvement. The spatial expansion played a special part. The arctic zone of the North of European Russia presented great opportunities due its unique natural resources, and also prospects of solving geopolitical problems. This should have contributed to a new qualitative growth of production and transition to a new stage of development. Scientific research of the European part of the arctic territories, which was carried out at the time, was a part of the program of modernization of the North of European Russia, which unfolded on the pan-European scale. It was supported by the reorganization of administrative-territorial structure based on traditional structures of grass-roots management and prompted growing interest in the periphery as a source of resources for the growing economy; scientific research of the arctic territories intensified, as it became practical. Thanks to scientific research, the development of the Arctic territories became dynamic, which speeded up the integration of the region (in our case, the Komi krai) into the national space.

Regional Authorities and Local Self-Government Bodies of the Terek Region in the Fight against Infectious Diseases and Epidemics in the Late 19th — Early 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10 (108)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Svetlana Khubulova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
East Central ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Mechanism Of Interaction ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article attempts to study the causes of the spread of infectious diseases in the Terek region at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, as well as the activities of local authorities aimed at the localization of epidemics. The causes, nature and dynamics of these processes in different years are studied. It is revealed that the causes of epidemics of typhus, cholera, plague and other dangerous diseases for humans include both the natural and climatic conditions of the population, and the “seasonal” nature associated with active migration from the East, Central Asia and the inner regions of Russia through the territory of the Terek region. Thanks to the newly introduced archival documents, it was possible to reconstruct the mechanism of interaction between state bodies and public initiatives to improve the sanitary and epidemic situation in the region.

scholarly journals Kerajaan Loloda: Melacak Jejak Arkeologi dan Sejarah

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Wuri Handoko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Historical Text ◽  
History Of

A few historical source mention the Kingdom of Loloda as one of the great kingdoms of North Maluku, contemporaneous with the four Islamic kingdoms that developed into sultanates, namely Ternate, Tidore, Bacan and Jailolo. However, compared to these powers, the development of Islamic rule in Loloda is not well known through historical sources, and the kingdom is even said to have collapsed in the early 20th century. In this article I discuss the results of research to trace archaeological evidence about the history of the Kingdom of Loloda. Starting with literary sources, I then describe the results of archaeological surveys in the area mentioned in historical text and public information. Archaeological surveys indicate that the center of the Loloda kingdom was located in the Loloda watershed in Loloda Sub-district, Halmahera Barat District. Archaeological research results suggest the Kingdom of Loloda grew from the 15th century and experienced collapse at the time of European colonialism.Kerajaan Loloda dalam teks sumber sejarah yang terbatas, disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu kerajaan besar di Maluku Utara, sezaman dengan empat aliansi kerajaan Islam yang berkembang menjadi kesultanan yakni, Ternate, Tidore, Bacan, dan Jailolo. Namun dibanding keempat kekuasaan Islam itu, Loloda tidak diketahui perkembangannya, bahkan disebut runtuh pada awal abad 20 dan hilang dalam catatan sejarah perkembangan kekuasaan Islam. Penulisan ini berdasar pada hasil penelitian untuk melacak bukti-bukti arkeologi tentang sejarah Kerajaan Loloda. Dimulai dari pengumpulan sumber literatur, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan survei arkeologi di wilayah yang disebut dalam teks sejarah dan informasi masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil survei arkeologi, diketahui adanya lokasi yang menjadi indikasi pusat kerajaan Loloda di DAS (daerah aliran sungai) Loloda di Kecamatan Loloda Kabupaten Halmahera Barat. Hasil penelitian arkeologi menggambarkan bahwa Kerajaan Loloda  berkembang pada abad 16 dan mengalami keruntuhan sesudahnya ketika kolonialisme bangsa Eropa berkembang di wilayah itu.

scholarly journals ЕDINOVERIE THOUGHT IN THE ERA OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NEWSPAPER “PRAVDA PRAVOSLAVIYA”)

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Palkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

The paper analyzes experience of Edinoverie political thought in the era of the First Russian Revolution. Analysis is conducted in the context of development of Edinoverie thought and formation of confessional identity of Edinovertsy in the second half of the 19th century — early 20th century. Three specific directions of Edinoverie formed during this period were identified: conservative, radical and reformist. The focus of the article is on the latter, headed by St. Petersburg priest Simeon Shleev. Its representatives advocated reforming the synodal structure of the church, convening a Local Council, strengthening the autonomy of Edinovertsy and uniting them under the auspices of the St. Petersburg center of Edinoverie. Their organ was the “Pravda Pravoslaviya” (Truth of Orthodoxy) newspaper (published for some time under the title “Glagol Vremen” (The Word of Times)). The publication of the first issues of the newspaper fell on the era of the First Russian Revolution. That is why the St. Petersburg co-religionists, claiming leadership among their fellow believers throughout the country, began to write on political topics and publicly critically interpret the surrounding political reality. The paper determines thematic field and authors, who touched political matters in 1906–1907 in “Pravda Pravoslaviya” and “Glagol Vremen”, analyzes dynamics of such publications. Conclusions are drawn about the correlation between the general political agenda and specific issues that worried Edinovertsy.

A. L. Shanyavskii University in the Epicenter of the Revolutionary Movement of Late 19th – Early 20th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 1092-1102
Author(s):  
Roman A. Fando ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Political Agitation ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Moscow City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

The article is devoted to the history of revolutionary unrest among students at the turn of the 20th century. Activities of informal student associations that conducted a broad agitation campaign within the walls of the A. L. Shanyavskii University in the early 20th century serve as an example. Unlike many other higher educational institutions, the Moscow City People's University became a hotbed of revolutionary outbreaks, fueled both by teachers and students of the university. University professors N. N. Polyansky, M. D. Zagryatskov, V. V. Krasnokutsky, A. V. Gorbunov, P. P. Gensen, P. N. Sakulin, A. A. Kizevetter called for democratic reforms in their lectures and criticized the foundations of the monarchy. Among other politicized communities of the University, the Latvian Social-Democratic group, which included M. I. Latsis and I. V. Tsivtsivadze, was especially prominent. Many students united around Social Democrat Ts. Zelikson-Bobrovskaya and Bolshevik A. A. Znamensky. The students of Shanyavskii University equipped a printing house and printed leaflets of revolutionary content. On the account of frequent cases of political agitation in the student environment, university lectures were attended by the police. Nevertheless, despite the police surveillance, the atmosphere at the university was quite liberal, and the revolutionary-minded associations continued to thrive there. The revolutionary events that were prepared with such energy (among others) by students of the A. L. Shanyavskii University and liberal-minded part of their professors, eventually led to greater collapse of the ideals of accessible higher education that A.L. Shanyavskii preached. The Bolsheviks, having received the reins of government in 1917, could not establish a working system of administration or even approximate the however well established pre-revolutionary order, and thereupon in 1920 the University of A.L. Shanyavskii ceased to exist. Several documents found in the State Archive of the Russian Federation allow to recreate the historical picture of the revolutionary movement within the walls of the Moscow City People's University.

Early 20th Century Historical Sources on the Siberian Student Community

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Ustinova ◽  
◽  
Yulia V. Putilina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Student Organizations ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Student Life ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Student Community ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Academic Clubs ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The article examines the early 20th century historical source base on the Siberian student community of the pre-revolutionary period. It argues that the sources complex of the period is heterogeneous in structure, nature, and content. It determines that the life of Siberian students, as depicted in the early 20th century sources from state archives, was recorded principally in the following aspects: approved and regulated university activities (admission, scholarships, training, participation in registered student organizations, fraternities, academic clubs, etc.) and oppositional, political, ideological activities of students prohibited by both central and local authorities and, in some cases, by university administration that followed the instructions. More details on pressing issues of student life (poverty, employment issues, etc.) unfold in the periodicals. There was a series of analytical and op-ed articles in the Sibirskii student (‘Siberian student’) and Sibirskie voprosy (‘Siberian issues’) magazines, in the Sibirskaya zhizn' (‘Siberian life’) and Utro Sibiri (‘The morning of Siberia’), and some others. The article shows that, apart from poverty and domestic issues, the informal student life, as lived outside educational institutions and politics (that is, love, friendship, attitude toward family, marriage, taste and theater preferences, fashion, and so on), went unreported. Some aspects of this life were pictured in fiction, published, for instance, in the Tomsk student press. But although they give some idea of the Siberian students’ view and ways of life, these sources don’t record facts of life.

scholarly journals Philip Hillkowitz The “Granddaddy of Medical Technologists” and Cofounder of the American Society for Clinical Pathologists and the Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Wright ◽  
Jeanne Abrams
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
American College Of Surgeons ◽  
Medical Technologists ◽  
Eastern European Immigrant ◽  
American Society

Context.— In the early 20th century, the future of hospital-based clinical pathology practice was uncertain and this situation led to the formation of the American Society for Clinical Pathologists in 1922. Philip Hillkowitz, MD, and Ward Burdick, MD, were its cofounders. No biography of Hillkowitz exists. Objective.— To explore the life, beliefs, and accomplishments of Philip Hillkowitz. Design.— Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. Results.— Hillkowitz, the son of a Russian rabbi, immigrated to America as an 11-year-old child in 1885. He later attended medical school in Cincinnati, Ohio, and then moved to Colorado, where he began his clinical practice, which transitioned into a clinical pathology practice. In Denver, he met Charles Spivak, MD, another Jewish immigrant and together they established the Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society, an ethnically sensitive tuberculosis sanatorium that flourished in the first half of the 20th century because of its national fundraising network. In 1921, Hillkowitz and Burdick, also a Denver-based pathologist, successively organized the pathologists in Denver, followed by the state of Colorado. Early the next year, they formed the American Society for Clinical Pathologists (ASCP). Working with the American College of Surgeons, the ASCP put hospital-based practice of clinical pathology on solid footing in the 1920s. Hillkowitz then established and oversaw the ASCP Board of Registry of Medical Technologists. Conclusions.— Philip Hillkowitz changed the directions of clinical pathology and tuberculosis treatment in 20th century America, while simultaneously serving as a successful ethnic power broker within both the American Jewish and Eastern European immigrant communities.

scholarly journals Libraries of the Komi Region as an Element of Civil Society Formation in Ethnical Regions of Imperial Russia. The Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 428-438
Author(s):  
Anna K. Gagieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
National Education ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Monastic Libraries

The article considers the activities of libraries in the Komi region as an element of the civil society formation in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Published and unpublished historical sources are used to reconstruct the libraries’ activities. They are well known to experts, and yet some issues have never come to the researchers’ notice. The author proposes to include materials on the history of librarianship in the Komi region in the context of studying issues of everyday life and civil society formation in the region. In the studied period there were libraries of various types in the region: public, clerical, monastic, and those of educational institutions. The latter were replenished at the expense of the Ministry of National Education or by donation. Clerical and monastic libraries were sponsored by the Vologda Spiritual Consistory, Synod, and Ministry of National Education. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the libraries of the Komi region catered cultural needs of the population, organizations and unions and promoted civil society formation.

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