13 Why Kant’s Insistence on Purity of the Will Does Not Preclude an Application of Kant’s Ethics to For-Profit Businesses

2017 ◽  
pp. 263-282
Keyword(s):  
For Profit ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kant's Ethics

Philosophical Background

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Mark Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Phenomenal World ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
The World ◽  
Philosophical Background ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kant's Ethics ◽  
Immortality Of The Soul ◽  
Cognition And Knowledge

This chapter provides a brief overview of certain elements of Kant’s metaphysics and epistemology that are essential background for understanding certain features of his ethical theory. In particular, it presents Kant’s distinction between the ‘world of sense’ or ‘phenomenal world’ and the ‘world of understanding’ or ‘noumenal world’ as a basis for explaining the limits of theoretical cognition which rules out theoretical cognition and knowledge of God, immortality of the soul, and freedom of the will, yet allows Kant to affirm their reality on moral grounds, needed to explain how the highest good is possible. Of importance for understanding certain claims in his work on virtue is the distinction between the phenomenal world and the noumenal world as it applies to human beings. The chapter concludes with reflections on the relation between Kant’s ethics and his metaphysical and epistemological commitments.

scholarly journals On the Role of Gesinnung in Kant’s Ethics and Philosophy of Religion. Part II

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei N. Krouglov
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kant's Ethics ◽  
The Revolution

The sources of Kant’s term Gesinnung and a review of the problems of its translation into English were presented in the first part of this article; the second part examines the novel features that Kant brings to the interpretation of this concept in the critical period. In the Critique of Practical Reason these include the questions of manifestation of Gesinnung in the world, apprehended through the senses, the method of establishing and the culture of truly moral Gesinnung, as well as the problem of the immutability of Gesinnung in the progress towards the good. The new theses that appear in Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason are Gesinnung as the internal subjective principle of maxims, on virtue as evidence of the presence of Gesinnung, on act as a manifestation of Gesinnung, on the unintelligibility of Gesinnung in its noumenal, suprasensible character, on the innateness of Gesinnung in the sense that it exists not in time, but in the form of its acceptance by free expression of the will, on the singleness of Gesinnung and its indivisibility into periods, on revolution in Gesinnung as distinct from empirical reform, on the creation of the new human being as distinct from the ancient one as a result of the revolution of Gesinnung, on the link between the revolution in Gesinnung and “conversion” or second birth. After discussing the problem of distinguishing the terms Gesinnung and Denkungsart in translation as well as a review of all the existing variants of translating Kant’s concept of Gesinnung into Russian (aspiration, inclination, intention, virtue, virtuousness, conviction, attitude, mode of thinking, thoughts, mood, disposition and umonastroenie), the author comes to the conclusion that the uniform variant umonastroenie is best suited for Russian translations of Kant’s works.

Immanuel Kant: Ethics

Philosophy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Denis
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Ethical Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Law ◽  
Moral Philosophies ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kant's Ethics

The ethical theory of Immanuel Kant (b. 1724–d. 1804) exerted a powerful influence on the subsequent history of philosophy and continues to be a dominant approach to ethics, rivaling consequentialism and virtue ethics. Kant’s ethical thought continues to be studied in itself, as a part of his critical system of philosophy, in its historical context, and in relation to particular practical questions. Kant’s writings and lectures display the influence of the Stoics, Rousseau, Crusius, Wolff, Hutcheson, Hume, and others; Fichte, Hegel, Nietzsche, Bradley, Greene, Habermas, and Rawls are among the many philosophers whose moral philosophies can be read (in part) as responses to Kant. Salient foundational features of Kant’s ethics include: its a priori method, its conception of the will as autonomous, its categorical imperative, its theory of freedom, and its account of moral motivation. Kant maintained that foundational moral principles must be a priori, not based on observation or experience. Kant takes the moral law to be legislated by the will to itself. Unlike holy beings, human beings experience morality as a constraint upon our wills. For us, the moral law is a categorical imperative. All ethical duties are ultimately grounded in this supreme moral principle. If we are bound to obey the moral law, we must be capable of doing so; Kant holds that, even assuming causal determinism in the phenomenal world, morality reveals our (noumenal) freedom to us. Kant attributes moral worth only to action done from duty (i.e., from respect for the law), not from inclination. Significant aspects of Kant’s fully developed ethical theory include its rich theory of virtue and the virtues, its taxonomy of duties (which include duties to oneself as well as to others), its distinctive conceptions of the highest good and human evil, and its connections with Kant’s philosophies of history, religion, and human nature. Many of Kant’s own discussions of particular duties, virtues, and vices are controversial. For example, Kant appears to condemn all lies as violations of a duty to oneself. This entry focuses on Kant’s ethics rather than Kantian ethics more broadly. Despite that, it includes a number of pieces that apply, extend, or revise Kant’s ethics in some ways, as well as interpretations of Kant’s ethics that some commentators may object stray too far from Kant’s own stated views. Kant’s political philosophy is discussed only peripherally here, save for the section on the Doctrine of Right of the Metaphysics of Morals.

Hybrid Problem Solving

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-252
Author(s):  
Paul Lichterman
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Civic Action ◽  
South Los Angeles ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Community Benefits ◽  
Real Estate Developer ◽  
Close Juxtaposition ◽  
The Will ◽  
Community Benefits Agreement

This chapter evaluates how the close juxtaposition of civic and noncivic in hybrid civic action provides better ways to discern whether or not, and how, nonprofits express the will of people in their immediate locale, and whether or not they pose an effective alternative to governmental action, as some commentators argue. All that should help clarify how civic action really works. The chapter focuses mostly on a locally prominent and successful, nonprofit affordable housing developer, Housing Solutions for Los Angeles (HSLA). It then compares HSLA briefly with efforts by a Tenants of South Los Angeles (ISLA) committee to administer the housing provisions of the community benefits agreement (CBA) that ISLA's campaign won from the Manchester apartments developer. This was a different kind of hybrid. ISLA's affordable housing work for the community ultimately was both financed and constrained by a big, for-profit real estate developer — the Manchester property owner.

scholarly journals The Lean In Collection: Women, Work, and the Will to Represent

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 430-439
Author(s):  
Caroline West
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Feminist Critique ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Gender Empowerment ◽  
Neoliberal Economics ◽  
The Will ◽  
Gendered Stereotypes

Abstract In February 2014, Getty Images, the largest international stock photography agency, and LeanIn. org, Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg’s women’s empowerment foundation, announced a new partnership that aimed to change the way women are portrayed in stock photography. The “Lean In Collection” with Getty seeks to challenge visual gendered stereotypes ascribed to both sexes in the daily life of work, home, and family life in advertising imagery. While the overarching ambition of gender empowerment implicit in the mission of Lean In is a worthwhile goal, I look to the problematic relationship rooted in the partnership between Lean In’s gender empowerment initiative and the role of Getty Images in trafficking aesthetic stereotypes for profit. Using methods of visual analysis and feminist critique, I argue that the photographs idealise a concept of female empowerment that is steeped in the rationale of neoliberal economics, which narrowly circumscribes gender citizenship according to the mandates of market logic. The Lean In Collection describes gender equality not as a right of citizenship procured by the state, but as a depoliticised and individualised negotiation.

scholarly journals WIRAUSAHAWAN DAN ŰBERMENSCH: BERGURU PADA NIETZSCHE

2021 ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Urbanus Ura Weruin
Keyword(s):  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Will To Power ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Veil

This article from the library research using the content analysis method explores the image of entrepreneurs in general and the description of the 'superman' or 'űbermensch' according to the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The results of this literary research show that the characteristics of 'superhuman' according to Nietzsche match the picture of the image of businessmen and entrepreneurs in the economy. An entrepreneur is a person who has the ability and desire to explore, establish, and manage resources for profit. What is needed for an entrepreneur is an innovative, creative, visionary, autonomous, free attitude, a passion to excel, dare to overcome ‘his own self', be pro-active, and look for new ways of doing business, new products, and new services. This kind of character fits the image of 'superman' according to Nietzsche's view, namely humans who have the will to power, are brave, creative, active, confident, never satisfied with themselves, overcome themselves and the world, are free, and are creators of their own values. So from Nietzsche's thinking about 'superman', entrepreneurs can learn about creative-destruction, self-autonomy, courage to overcome challenges, consciousness of success and failure in business as a school of life, creative, and innovative. The entrepreneur's business innovation is only possible if he dares to attack "idols", convenience, and all that is established. Like a philosopher today, entrepreneurs are people who open the veil and whip up economic growth. Therefore, Nietzsche's contribution to superman image is not only necessary but also important and relevant for understanding entrepreneurship. In line with Nietzsche's thinking, business and entrepreneurship are not only dealing with economic problems but must be seen as a part of the struggle for life; a field of 'war' that must be won. Űbermensch is a hero who won the struggle to be human. Business is a way of 'being' as a human being.Artikel hasil penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan metode analisis isi ini mengeksplorasi citra wirausahawan pada umumnya dan gambaran tentang ‘manusia super’ atau ‘űbermensch’ menurut filsuf Jerman Friedrich Nietzsche. Hasil penelitian literer ini memperlihatkan bahwa karakteristik ‘manusia super’ menurut Nietzsche cocok dengan gambaran tentang citra para pebisnis dan wirausahawan dalam ekonomi. Wirausahawan adalah orang yang memiliki kemampuan dan keinginan untuk mengeksplorasi, mendirikan, mengelola sumber daya untuk meraih keuntungan. Yang diperlukan bagi seorang wirausahawan adalah sikap inovatif, kreatif, visioner, otonom, bebas, hasrat untuk berprestasi, berani mengatasi ‘diri sendiri’, pro-aktif, dan mencari cara baru dalam menjalankan bisnis, produk baru, dan jasa baru. Karakter semacam ini cocok dengan citra ‘manusia super’ menurut pandangan Nietzsche yakni manusia yang memiliki kehendak untuk berkuasa, berani, kreatif, aktif, percaya diri, tidak pernah puas dengan diri sendiri, mengatasi diri sendiri dan dunia, bebas, serta pencipta nilainya sendiri. Maka dari pemikiran Nietzsche tentang ‘manusia super’, wirausahaan bisa belajar tentang destruksi-kreatif, otonomi diri, berani mengatasi tantangan, kesadaran bahwa sukses dan gagal dalam bisnis sebagai sekolah kehidupan, kreatif, serta inovatif. Inovasi bisnis para wirausahawan hanya mungkin bila ia berani menyerang "berhala", kenyamanan, dan segala hal yang mapan. Laksana seorang filsuf zaman ini wirausahawan adalah orang yang menyibak tabir dan melecut pertumbuhan ekonomi. Maka sumbangan pemikiran Nietzsche tentang űbermensch tidak hanya perlu melainkan juga penting dan relevan  untuk memahami kewirausahaan. Sejalan dengan pemikiran Nietzsche, bisnis dan wirausaha bukan hanya berurusan dengan persoalan ekonomi melainkan harus dilihat sebagai bagian dari perjuangan hidup; ladang ‘peperangan’ yang harus dimenangkan. Űbermensch adalah pahlawan yang memenangkan perjuangan menjadi diri manusia sendiri. Bisnis harus dilihat sebagai cara manusia ‘mengada’.

Hospitals: N.Y. Appellate Court Denies Move to Privatize Public Hospital

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chatham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Municipal Hospital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Benefit Corporation ◽  
The City

The Court of Appeals of New York held, in Council of the City of New York u. Giuliani, slip op. 02634, 1999 WL 179257 (N.Y. Mar. 30, 1999), that New York City may not privatize a public city hospital without state statutory authorization. The court found invalid a sublease of a municipal hospital operated by a public benefit corporation to a private, for-profit entity. The court reasoned that the controlling statute prescribed the operation of a municipal hospital as a government function that must be fulfilled by the public benefit corporation as long as it exists, and nothing short of legislative action could put an end to the corporation's existence.In 1969, the New York State legislature enacted the Health and Hospitals Corporation Act (HHCA), establishing the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) as an attempt to improve the New York City public health system. Thirty years later, on a renewed perception that the public health system was once again lacking, the city administration approved a sublease of Coney Island Hospital from HHC to PHS New York, Inc. (PHS), a private, for-profit entity.

Antitrust: U.S. Supreme Court Affirms FTC Jurisdiction but Vacates Scope of Analysis on CDA Policy

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-198
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Zakhary
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Ninth Circuit ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Rule Of Reason ◽  
Antitrust Analysis ◽  
Business Financing ◽  
The U.S

In California Dental Association v. FTC, 119 S. Ct. 1604 (1999), the U.S. Supreme Court reviewed a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that a nonprofit affiliation of dentists violated section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA), 15 U.S.C.A. § 45 (1998), which prohibits unfair competition. The Court examined two issues: (1) the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) jurisdiction over the California Dental Association (CDA); and (2) the proper scope of antitrust analysis. The Court unanimously held that CDA was subject to FTC's jurisdiction, but split 5-4 in its finding that the district court's use of abbreviated rule-of-reason analysis was inappropriate.CDA is a voluntary, nonprofit association of local dental societies. It boasts approximately 19,000 members, who constitute roughly threequarters of the dentists practicing in California. Although a nonprofit, CDA includes for-profit subsidiaries that financially benefit CDA members. CDA gives its members access to insurance and business financing, and lobbies and litigates on their behalf. Members also benefit from CDA marketing and public relations campaigns.

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