Religiosity in Times of Insecurity: An Analysis of Irish, Spanish and Portuguese European Social Survey Data, 2002–12

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Erbe Healy ◽  
Michael Breen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
The Church

Secularisation theory would suggest that with increasing economic development, industrialisation and modernity, the influence of the church should be waning. However, more recent theories regarding religiosity in times of personal and contextual insecurity have suggested that secularisation is not a linear process. Existential security theory predicts that religiosity and religious practice are higher in times of insecurity. Given the economic crisis of 2008, the changes in many governments and subsequent austerity measures, it could be argued that all households in austerity countries are facing more uncertain times than they were before 2008, both personally and contextually. However, analysis of Irish, Spanish and Portuguese data from the European Social Survey (2002–12) using ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression generally does not support this theory in terms of contextual insecurity. There is some support for the link between personal insecurity and religiosity; recent immigrants are significantly and substantially more religious in terms of subjective religiosity, frequency of prayer and frequency of attendance at religious services than earlier immigrants and those who were born in a country.

scholarly journals Least Likely Observations in Regression Models for Categorical Outcomes

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Freese
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Negative Outcome

This article presents a method and program for identifying poorly fitting observations for maximum-likelihood regression models for categorical dependent variables. After estimating a model, the program leastlikely will list the observations that have the lowest predicted probabilities of observing the value of the outcome category that was actually observed. For example, when run after estimating a binary logistic regression model, leastlikely will list the observations with a positive outcome that had the lowest predicted probabilities of a positive outcome and the observations with a negative outcome that had the lowest predicted probabilities of a negative outcome. These can be considered the observations in which the outcome is most surprising given the values of the independent variables and the parameter estimates and, like observations with large residuals in ordinary least squares regression, may warrant individual inspection. Use of the program is illustrated with examples using binary and ordered logistic regression.

Between-country inequalities in health lifestyles

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522110413
Author(s):  
Tom VanHeuvelen ◽  
Jane S VanHeuvelen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Health Promoting Behaviors ◽  
Health Lifestyles ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Multiple Health ◽  
Representative Samples

How does engagement in multiple health behaviors consolidate into health promoting health lifestyles, and how does economic development provide a broadly shared living condition to enable participation in health promoting health lifestyles? To answer these questions, we harmonize information from the 2011 International Social Survey Programme and the 2014 European Social Survey to examine patterns of health lifestyles and subsequent associations with self-rated health in representative samples of 52 country-years nested in 35 countries, with repeated observations from 17 countries. We find individuals engage more frequently in health promoting behaviors in countries with higher levels of economic development. Moreover, we find a tighter connection between health lifestyles and health in countries with higher levels of economic development. Critically, we move health lifestyles research forward by testing the consequences of within country changes in economic development, finding that growth in economic development increases the engagement of health promoting health behaviors. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Shocks, Cultural Behaviors and Economic Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Pantelis C. Kostis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Culture Start

The literature regarding cultural background change points out that changes in cultural background can only be slow moving. However, under high uncertainty levels, cultural background may change in the short or medium term as well. In this paper, the effects of uncertainty on cultural behaviors are investigated. Cultural background is captured through the Schwartz’s cultural values, based on the waves provided by the European Social Survey from 2002 up to 2018, performing relative Principal Component Analyses. An Uncertainty Index is constructed based on the volatility of the stock market for all Eurozone countries, from the euro’s adoption in January 2001 up to December 2018. Using an unbalanced panel dataset comprised of 18 Eurozone countries for the time period from 2002 up to 2018, a fixed-effects assessment method, different fixed terms between the examined economies, dummies per wave of the nine total data waves of the European Social Survey and country-specific clustered robust estimates of the standard errors, the main conclusions of the empirical analysis are the following: (a) Uncertainty significantly affects the cultural background of societies and leads to its change; (b) The effects of uncertainty on culture start two years after an uncertainty shock has occurred; (c) The effects of uncertainty on specific cultural values reveals significant effects on all Schwartz’s cultural values. However, the effect is the highest for the dipole “conservatism and autonomy” and the smallest for the dipole “mastery vs. harmony”. (d) When uncertainty is high, this leads to higher levels of hierarchy (authority, humbleness), self-direction (independent thought and action), stimulation (excitement, novelty and challenge in life), affective autonomy (pursuit of actively positive activities: pleasure, exciting life) and mastery (ambition and hard work, daring, independence, drive for success) which means their life’s harmony is disrupted, at least two years later. Thus, countries exhibiting systematically high levels of uncertainty are about to develop a cultural background that is going to hinder economic development, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Religiosity and Trust in Religious Institutions: Tales from the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia)

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robia Charles
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
Strong Indicator

AbstractThis article examines the determinants of trust in religious institutions in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia — three countries with low levels of religiosity as measured by attendance, prayer and fasting, yet high levels of trust in religious institutions. The analysis employs individual-level survey data and uses ordinary least squares regression to show that while religious practices do not determine trust in religious institutions, the importance of religion in one's daily life is a strong indicator of trust in religious institutions in each country. The results also show some differences among these countries with regard to two types of control variables — trust in secular institutions and socioeconomic factors. In Georgia, interpersonal trust is a significant indicator of trust in religious institutions. Residence in the capital is only significant in Azerbaijan. Finally, both education and age are significant in Armenia. Additionally, two theories of trust in institutions are tested. First, a cultural theory of interpersonal trust proves ambiguous in the region. Second, the presence of both low religious practice and high trust in religious institutions in these countries challenges reformulated secularization theories that consider declining religious authority — measured by trust in religious institutions — as a form of secularization.

ADVERSE SOCIAL COMPARISON PROCESSES AND NEGATIVE SELF-FEELINGS: A TEST OF ALTERNATIVE MODELS

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly L. Stiles ◽  
Howard B. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Social Comparison ◽  
Social Comparisons ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares Regression ◽  
Alternative Models ◽  
The Relationship

Theoretically informed models are estimated that specify the direction of the relationship between social comparisons and negative self-feelings. The data are from three waves of an ongoing longitudinal study of adaptations to stress. Subjects are individuals who were tested in their middle teens (T3), mid-twenties (Time 4) and in their mid-thirties (Time 5). The models were estimated using both logistic regression and ordinary least squares regression. In general, the results suggest that negative self-feelings are an antecedent of social comparison processes as negative self-feelings are significantly related to all five measures of social comparison. Findings suggest that negative self-feelings are sometimes a consequence of social comparison processes as negative self-feelings are significantly related to three of the five measures of social comparison.

scholarly journals Human Values and Religion: Evidence from the European Social Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ana Carneiro ◽  
Hélder Fernando Pedrosa e Sousa ◽  
Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis ◽  
Ângela Leite
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Self Transcendence

Values are guiding constructs of social action that connote some actions as desirable, undesirable, acceptable, and unacceptable, containing a normative moral/ethical component, and constituting a guide for actions, attitudes, and objectives for which the human being strives. The role of religion in the development of moral and ideal behaviors is a subject of concern and object of theoretical and empirical debate in various sciences. Analyzing sociodemographic and religious variables, the present work aimed to understand the contribution of religious variables to the explanation of Schwartz’s human values and to identify an explanatory model of second-order values, i.e., self-transcendence, conservation, self-promotion, and openness to change. This study was carried out with a representative sample of the Portuguese population, consisting of 1270 participants from the European Social Survey (ESS), Round 8. Benevolence (as human motivational value) and self-transcendence (as a second-order value) were found to be the most prevalent human values among respondents, with the female gender being the one with the greatest religious identity, the highest frequency of religious practices, and valuing self-transcendence and conservation the most. Older participants had a more frequent practice and a higher religious identity than younger ones, with age negatively correlating with conservation and positively with openness to change. It was concluded that age, religious identity, and an item of religious practice contribute to explain 13.9% of the conservation variance. It was also found that age and religious practice are the variables that significantly contribute to explain 12.2% of the variance of openness to change. Despite the associations between psychological variables (values) and religious ones, it can be concluded that religious variables contribute very moderately to explain human values. The results obtained in this study raised some important issues, namely, if these weakly related themes, i.e., religiosity and human values, are the expression of people belief without belonging.

scholarly journals Do managers sleep well? The role of gender, gender empowerment and economic development

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247515
Author(s):  
Xiao Tan ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
David Maume ◽  
Belinda Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Gender Empowerment ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Gender Development Index ◽  
Status Theory

Work demands often disrupt sleep. The stress of higher status theory posits that workers with greater resources often experience greater stress. We extend this theory to sleep and ask: do managers report more disrupted sleep and does this vary by gender and country context? Data come from the 2012 European Social Survey Programme and our sample comprised those currently employed in their prime working age (n = 27,616; age 25–64) in 29 countries. We include country level measures of the Gender Development Index (GDI) and gross domestic product (GDP). We find that workers sleep better, regardless of gender, in countries where women are empowered. For managers, women sleep better as GDI increases and men as GDP increases. Our results suggest that men experience a sleep premium from economic development and women from gender empowerment.

scholarly journals Police legitimacy among immigrants in Europe: Institutional frames and group position

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Bradford ◽  
Jonathan Jackson
Keyword(s):  
European Social Survey ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
Immigrant Populations ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
Group Position ◽  
And Performance

Recent research has begun to explore the extent to which factors beyond behaviour and performance shape the empirical legitimacy of the police. In this paper, data from the European Social Survey are used to explore the association between immigration and legitimacy. Starting from the assumption that police legitimacy will vary between immigrant and non-immigrant populations, we consider three distinct sets of variable that might explain such variation: contact with the police, group position and the change in frames of reference that the act of migration engenders. Findings suggest, first, that variables from all three groups predict legitimacy, with police contact emerging as the most important. Second, conditional on these factors there is no difference in the views of recent immigrants and their non-immigrant peers. However, other groups of immigrants – particularly those who migrated as children – tend to grant the police somewhat less legitimacy.

Following in your sibling’s steps: Sibling influence and young adults’ marital attitudes

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 885-905
Author(s):  
Jenna R. Cassinat ◽  
Alexander C. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
The U.S

This study explored the role of sibling modeling and differentiation in young adults’ beliefs about marriage and expectation of marriage in reference to their perception of their closest aged sibling’s marital centrality. Siblings play an important role in socialization, yet their role in young adulthood, and in relation to attitudes about marriage, has received limited attention. Marriage is an important aspect of development for young adults; therefore, this study specifically examined the role of sibling modeling and differentiation in young adults’ formation of expectation of marriage and marital centrality. Data came from 1,258 unmarried young adults (age 18–29 years) from across the U.S. ( M = 25.02; SD = 2.60; 47% female). Models for marital centrality were tested using hierarchical ordinary least squares regression, and models for the expectation of marriage were examined using binary logistic regression. Findings revealed that siblings’ beliefs and expectations to marry were more closely related in conditions of high modeling. For those with only one sibling, greater differentiation was linked to less similarity between siblings’ marital centrality. Siblings therefore may play an important role in young adults’ expectation of marriage and beliefs about marital centrality.

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