scholarly journals Uncertainty Shocks, Cultural Behaviors and Economic Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Pantelis C. Kostis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Culture Start

The literature regarding cultural background change points out that changes in cultural background can only be slow moving. However, under high uncertainty levels, cultural background may change in the short or medium term as well. In this paper, the effects of uncertainty on cultural behaviors are investigated. Cultural background is captured through the Schwartz’s cultural values, based on the waves provided by the European Social Survey from 2002 up to 2018, performing relative Principal Component Analyses. An Uncertainty Index is constructed based on the volatility of the stock market for all Eurozone countries, from the euro’s adoption in January 2001 up to December 2018. Using an unbalanced panel dataset comprised of 18 Eurozone countries for the time period from 2002 up to 2018, a fixed-effects assessment method, different fixed terms between the examined economies, dummies per wave of the nine total data waves of the European Social Survey and country-specific clustered robust estimates of the standard errors, the main conclusions of the empirical analysis are the following: (a) Uncertainty significantly affects the cultural background of societies and leads to its change; (b) The effects of uncertainty on culture start two years after an uncertainty shock has occurred; (c) The effects of uncertainty on specific cultural values reveals significant effects on all Schwartz’s cultural values. However, the effect is the highest for the dipole “conservatism and autonomy” and the smallest for the dipole “mastery vs. harmony”. (d) When uncertainty is high, this leads to higher levels of hierarchy (authority, humbleness), self-direction (independent thought and action), stimulation (excitement, novelty and challenge in life), affective autonomy (pursuit of actively positive activities: pleasure, exciting life) and mastery (ambition and hard work, daring, independence, drive for success) which means their life’s harmony is disrupted, at least two years later. Thus, countries exhibiting systematically high levels of uncertainty are about to develop a cultural background that is going to hinder economic development, and vice versa.

scholarly journals Culture, innovation, and economic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis C. Kostis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Dependent Variables

AbstractDuring recent decades, culture is gaining more and more attention as a factor that determines economic outcomes. Trying to investigate its role on innovation and economic development, this paper uses a dataset that offers the potential for a cross-sectional and time series analysis. Thus, in this paper, the effects of culture on innovation (as measured by patent applications, spending on R&D, number or researchers per 1000 individuals and number of government researchers) and economic development are investigated. Cultural background is captured through the Schwartz’s cultural values, as reported through the European Social Survey (ESS) waves during the period 2002–2018. The dataset is comprised by 18 Eurozone countries. Using principal component analyses to capture the Schwartz’s cultural values, as well as two ways fixed-effects analysis (FE), time dummies for each ESS wave included in the analysis and cluster—robust estimates of the standard errors, in order to examine the above relationships, the main conclusions derived from the analysis are that (a) there is significant effect of culture on innovation and economic development, and (b) the main cultural dimensions that hinder innovation and economic development are the prevalence of hierarchy, affective autonomy, and mastery. These results hold for all different dependent variables used in the analysis. Thus, when hierarchy, affective autonomy, and mastery are present innovation and economic development are hindered, leading to obstacles regarding the sustainability of economic outcomes. The opposite holds in societies where embeddedness, egalitarianism, and harmony prevail.

Between-country inequalities in health lifestyles

2021 ◽  
pp. 002071522110413
Author(s):  
Tom VanHeuvelen ◽  
Jane S VanHeuvelen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Living Condition ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Health Promoting Behaviors ◽  
Health Lifestyles ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Multiple Health ◽  
Representative Samples

How does engagement in multiple health behaviors consolidate into health promoting health lifestyles, and how does economic development provide a broadly shared living condition to enable participation in health promoting health lifestyles? To answer these questions, we harmonize information from the 2011 International Social Survey Programme and the 2014 European Social Survey to examine patterns of health lifestyles and subsequent associations with self-rated health in representative samples of 52 country-years nested in 35 countries, with repeated observations from 17 countries. We find individuals engage more frequently in health promoting behaviors in countries with higher levels of economic development. Moreover, we find a tighter connection between health lifestyles and health in countries with higher levels of economic development. Critically, we move health lifestyles research forward by testing the consequences of within country changes in economic development, finding that growth in economic development increases the engagement of health promoting health behaviors. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Measuring the trust in the European values study and the European social survey

Sociologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-439
Author(s):  
Milos Besic
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Trust ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study

In this paper, we compare the latent construct measurement of political and interpersonal trust in two researches: the European Values Study and the European Social Survey. The main goal was to estimate the validity of measuring the respective concepts. In order to achieve this goal, we conducted a number of Principal Component Analyses and Confirmatory Factor Analyses. Additionally, we used multilevel regression modelling to test and compare the effect of socio-demographic variables on political and interpersonal trust in both researches. We identified that socio-demographic predictors had a similar effect on both types of trust. The paper is complemented with descriptive data that portray the differences among countries when it comes to interpersonal and political trust.

Regional Structure and Economic Development

2013 ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
David S. Bieri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The One ◽  
Classification Of Regions ◽  
Economic Regions

This chapter investigates several aspects of how local economic development and growth are shaped by regional differences in industrial structure on the one hand and interregional linkages on the other hand. The author begins by proposing an alternative regional classification of regions for U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) on the basis of clusters that were formed by principal component analysis from economic variables that are relevant for regional growth. These variables include labor productivity growth, measures of local industry mix, human capital, entrepreneurship, and innovation. He then uses these growth-based regional clusters to control the presence of cluster-specific fixed-effects when explaining the spatial characteristics of urban specialization and concentration in the United States. The empirical validity of these new economic regions are evaluated against alternative established classifications such as the BEA Regions, Crone’s (2005) Economic Regions, the Census Regions, and the Federal Reserve Districts. Looking specifically at the empirics of regional growth both in a traditional ß-convergence setting as well as a dynamic panel setting, the author examines the explanatory power of regional differences in economic structure such as industry concentration, employment specialization, and sectoral diversity.

When does superficial intergroup contact reduce anti-foreigner sentiment? Negative contact as an essential condition

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen ◽  
Arzoo Rafiqi
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Positive Contact ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact

This article expands intergroup contact research by examining how negative and positive contact experiences outside the private sphere condition the impact of superficial intergroup contact. Analyses show that (1) superficial intergroup contact spurs anti-foreigner sentiment among in-group members with very negative contact experiences, whereas (2) superficial intergroup contact reduces anti-foreigner sentiment among in-group members with positive contact experiences. Thus, the impact of superficial contact is highly conditioned by the characteristics of subjective contact experiences. These results were generated in a fixed-effects regression analysis of 21 countries and 27,404 individuals from the most recent 2014–European Social Survey (ESS) (round 7). In terms of theoretical implications, the findings suggest that the characteristics of contact experiences are essential for the ability of superficial intergroup contact to produce positive outcomes.

scholarly journals Do managers sleep well? The role of gender, gender empowerment and economic development

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247515
Author(s):  
Xiao Tan ◽  
Leah Ruppanner ◽  
David Maume ◽  
Belinda Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Gender Empowerment ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Gender Development Index ◽  
Status Theory

Work demands often disrupt sleep. The stress of higher status theory posits that workers with greater resources often experience greater stress. We extend this theory to sleep and ask: do managers report more disrupted sleep and does this vary by gender and country context? Data come from the 2012 European Social Survey Programme and our sample comprised those currently employed in their prime working age (n = 27,616; age 25–64) in 29 countries. We include country level measures of the Gender Development Index (GDI) and gross domestic product (GDP). We find that workers sleep better, regardless of gender, in countries where women are empowered. For managers, women sleep better as GDI increases and men as GDP increases. Our results suggest that men experience a sleep premium from economic development and women from gender empowerment.

The Repertoire of Unconventional Participation

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-280
Author(s):  
Christophe Emmanuel Premat
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The World

It is common to describe political identity using surveys that address cultural values. The construction of indicators by mixing answers to a set of questions then becomes a relevant method when taking a behavioral approach. Scholars such as Ronald Inglehart or Pippa Norris have been engaged in longitudinal studies using two important series of surveys; World Values Survey and European Social Survey Aggregate data enabled them to perceive strong trends in different societies in the world, which is why they linked the evolution of political identity with the shift of cultural values in western societies towards post-materialistic post-1970s. This finding might explain why citizens cared more about issues such as environmental protection, quality of life, and personal and cultural development instead of simply economic security, growth, and stability of power relations. The present study analyzes the repertoire of unconventional participation of European citizens with the data from European Social Survey.

Ideological Biases Weaken the Impact of Social Trust on Ethnic Outgroup Threat

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-540
Author(s):  
Jens Peter Frølund Thomsen ◽  
Arzoo Rafiqi
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Immigrants And Refugees ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Previous studies have not examined whether (personal) political ideology influences how trusters perceive of immigrants and refugees as a threat. Our contribution to the literature builds on theories of motivated reasoning and hypothesizes that political ideology weakens the ability of social trust to reduce perceived (ethnic) outgroup threat. Indeed, analyses show that the relationship between social trust and perceived outgroup threat is considerably weaker among rightists than among leftists. Although social trust does relate negatively to perceived outgroup threat across the ideological divide, political ideology has a constraining influence that cannot be ignored. Social trust is also a political phenomenon. We apply a fixed-effects regression, and analyses are based on the 2014-European Social Survey, including 21 countries and 32,175 individuals. In the concluding section, we discuss the full implications of our findings for theories of social trust in an era of increasing flows of immigrants and refugees that go beyond the usual gateway nations.

scholarly journals Resilience by solidary ties

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Antonio Alaminos Chica ◽  
Irina Pervova
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Subjective Wellbeing ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Supportive Relationships ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Third ◽  
Personal Crisis ◽  
Using Data

This article considers an empirical approach to the relationships among three well known concepts: “Benevolence” (Schwartz), Solidarity and Resilience ("Subjective wellbeing scale" - SWB). The first concept refers to cultural values, the second one to social networks and the third to the ability to recover from crisis. The measurement of solidarity has been done from the point of view of supportive ties. The baseline hypothesis considers that the presence of a high value in Benevolence contributes to the involvements in solidarity networks. Participation in supportive relationships facilitates recovery from personal crisis. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS6), we conclude from this structural analysis that the resilience reflected in a society is partly a consequence of the supportive networks shaped by the presence of benevolence values.

Religiosity in Times of Insecurity: An Analysis of Irish, Spanish and Portuguese European Social Survey Data, 2002–12

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Erbe Healy ◽  
Michael Breen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
The Church

Secularisation theory would suggest that with increasing economic development, industrialisation and modernity, the influence of the church should be waning. However, more recent theories regarding religiosity in times of personal and contextual insecurity have suggested that secularisation is not a linear process. Existential security theory predicts that religiosity and religious practice are higher in times of insecurity. Given the economic crisis of 2008, the changes in many governments and subsequent austerity measures, it could be argued that all households in austerity countries are facing more uncertain times than they were before 2008, both personally and contextually. However, analysis of Irish, Spanish and Portuguese data from the European Social Survey (2002–12) using ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression generally does not support this theory in terms of contextual insecurity. There is some support for the link between personal insecurity and religiosity; recent immigrants are significantly and substantially more religious in terms of subjective religiosity, frequency of prayer and frequency of attendance at religious services than earlier immigrants and those who were born in a country.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document