scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL BURDEN OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF QUETTA CITY, PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rooman Ul Haq ◽  
Abid Saeed ◽  
Waheed Ahmed Lashari ◽  
Nazir Ahmed ◽  
Tabish Ramzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Social Suffering ◽  
Psychological Disturbance

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand-flies and is considered one of the most neglected diseases in the world. It mostly affects the poorest of the poor. People living in poor situations are more susceptible. Leishmaniasis includes several variants. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presents as a localized lesion at the site of the sand-fly bite after a period of several days to months. The nodule then increases in size and progressively ulcerates. In immunocompetent persons, CL lesions are slowly self-healing but often form scar tissue. The disfiguring scars can lead to substantial psychological disturbance, social suffering, and economic losses. Community awareness on the spread and control of disease, reducing social stigma, vector control, public-private partnership, and substantial surveillance indicators to measure the exact burden of the disease is needed.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Study of leishmaniasis in Iran and the Middle East in the Last Two Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossien Feiz Haddad ◽  
◽  
Abdolaziz Gharaei ◽  
Abdolaziz Gharaei ◽  
Mehry Sharify Nia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Middle East Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Leishmaniasis is one of the most forgotten diseases in the world affecting the poor people in large numbers. At present, 350 million people are at risk and 2 million new cases are reported annually, of which 1.5 million of them are cutaneous leishmaniasis and the rest are related to visceral leishmaniasis. The World Health Organization and Tropical Diseases Research (TDR) division ranks leishmaniasis in the first group of emerging and uncontrolled disease. Leishmaniasis appears in three form; Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL), muco-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL) and Viceral Leishmaniasis (VL). More than 90% of cutaneous leishmaniasis are in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Peru. Viceral leishmaniasis in terms of geographical conditions divided into five different types; Indian Leishmaniasis, is human disease reservoir type and sand fly of Phlebotomus argenti is vector. African leishmaniasis or Sudanese leishmaniasis is second and common in Sudan and Kenya. Gerbils, otters, dogs and cats are reservoirs and the vector is Phlebotomus orientalis. Russian type is the third form and prevalent in Turkmenistan and the Caucasus (Soviet Union). Dogs and foxes are the main reservoirs and Phlebotomus archablensis is vector of the disease. The American type is the fourth form and infects American countries and dogs and jackals carry the disease and Phlebotomus intermedius are vectors of the disease. The fifth is Mediterranean Leishmaniasis also called Middle Eastern type which is common in the Middle East countries among people under the age of 10 and in Iran observe in the provinces of Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ardabil and Khorasan.

scholarly journals A sand fly salivary protein vaccine shows efficacy against vector-transmitted cutaneous leishmaniasis in nonhuman primates

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (290) ◽  
pp. 290ra90-290ra90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano Oliveira ◽  
Edgar Rowton ◽  
Hamide Aslan ◽  
Regis Gomes ◽  
Philip A. Castrovinci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Protein Vaccine ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Phlebotomus Duboscqi

Currently, there are no commercially available human vaccines against leishmaniasis. In rodents, cellular immunity to salivary proteins of sand fly vectors is associated to protection against leishmaniasis, making them worthy targets for further exploration as vaccines. We demonstrate that nonhuman primates (NHP) exposed to Phlebotomus duboscqi uninfected sand fly bites or immunized with salivary protein PdSP15 are protected against cutaneous leishmaniasis initiated by infected bites. Uninfected sand fly–exposed and 7 of 10 PdSP15-immunized rhesus macaques displayed a significant reduction in disease and parasite burden compared to controls. Protection correlated to the early appearance of Leishmania-specific CD4+IFN-γ+ lymphocytes, suggesting that immunity to saliva or PdSP15 augments the host immune response to the parasites while maintaining minimal pathology. Notably, the 30% unprotected PdSP15-immunized NHP developed neither immunity to PdSP15 nor an accelerated Leishmania-specific immunity. Sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals naturally exposed to P. duboscqi bites recognized PdSP15, demonstrating its immunogenicity in humans. PdSP15 sequence and structure show no homology to mammalian proteins, further demonstrating its potential as a component of a vaccine for human leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Intestinal helminthiasis as a relevant factor on immunological markers status of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEIDA VERDUGUEZ-ORELLANA ◽  
Ernesto Rojas Cabrera ◽  
Mery Arteaga Terrazas ◽  
Fidelia Barrientos Laura ◽  
Miguel Guzman-Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Abstract Background: The intestinal helminths and the tegumentary leishmaniasis are frequent in rain forest area of Bolivia by absence of basic sanitation services and the natural presence of sand fly, vector of Leishmania parasites. Each one of these infections triggers a specific immune response by the host, nevertheless there is scant information regarding the behaviour of immune response during simultaneous Leishmania and intestinal helminths infections. The purpose of this study was contributing to the knowledge on this matter. Results: Forty-four cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and thirty controls entered in the study. The percentage of eosinophils from peripheral blood and plasma concentration of IgE and TNF-α were increased at after antimony treatment, respect the values presented before treatment in Albendazole and Non Albendazole groups, those increases were not statically significant. A decrease between before and after antimony treatment was observed in the ratio CD4/CD8 in both groups, but only in the receiving Albendazole group it was presented differences statistically significant.Conclusions: Several changes in the status of immunological markers including the number of eosinophils were found after the antimony treatment of patients. No additional clinical, neither immunological benefit of Albendazole treatment could be documented probably because the contact of individuals with helminths is long-standing.

scholarly journals Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in dogs: is high seroprevalence indicative of a reservoir role?

Parasitology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1202-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ E. CALZADA ◽  
AZAEL SALDAÑA ◽  
KADIR GONZÁLEZ ◽  
CHYSTRIE RIGG ◽  
VANESSA PINEDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Sand Fly Vectors

SUMMARYAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complex disease with a rich diversity of animal host species. This diversity imposes a challenge, since understanding ACL transmission requires the adequate identification of reservoir hosts, those species able to be a source of additional infections. In this study we present results from an ACL cross-sectional serological survey of 51 dogs (Canis familiaris), where we used diagnostic tests that measure dog's exposure toLeishmaniaspp. parasites. We did our research in Panamá, at a village that has undergone significant ecosystem level transformations. We found an ACL seroprevalence of 47% among dogs, and their exposure was positively associated with dog age and abundance of sand fly vectors in the houses of dog owners. Using mathematical models, which were fitted to data on the proportion of positive tests as function of dog age, we estimated a basic reproductive number (R0±s.e.) of 1·22 ± 0·09 that indicates the disease is endemically established in the dogs. Nevertheless, this information by itself is insufficient to incriminate dogs as ACL reservoirs, given the inability to find parasites (or their DNA) in seropositive dogs and previously reported failures to experimentally infect vectors feeding on dogs with ACL parasites.

scholarly journals Is there an association between cutaneous leishmaniasis and skin cancer? A systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco ◽  
J. Gonzalo Acevedo-Rodriguez ◽  
Carlos Altez-Fernandez ◽  
Karol Ortiz-Acha ◽  
Cesar Ugarte-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Co Morbidity

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a prevalent communicable disease in low- and middle-income countries, where non-communicable diseases like skin cancer are on the rise. However, the study of multi-morbidity or co-morbidity between communicable and non-communicable diseases is limited, and even null for some tropical or neglected diseases. Nevertheless, looking at these conditions together instead of as isolated entities in places where these illnesses exist, could show new prevention and treatment paths. We aimed to summarize and critically appraise the epidemiological evidence on the association between cutaneous leishmaniasis and skin cancer. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review using five search engines (Embase, Medline, Global Health, Scopus and Web of Science). We sought observational studies in which the outcome was skin cancer whilst the exposure was cutaneous leishmaniasis; these conditions should have had laboratory or pathology confirmation. Results: No epidemiological investigations have studied the association between cutaneous leishmaniasis and skin cancer. Most of the evidence about the association of interest is still based on case reports and other clinical observations rather than strong epidemiological observational studies. Conclusions: Research is much needed to verify the repeatedly clinical observation that cutaneous leishmaniasis may be a risk factor for skin cancer. This evidence could inform and guide early diagnosis or prevention of skin cancer in survivors of cutaneous leishmaniasis or where cutaneous leishmaniasis is still highly prevalent. Registration: PROSPERO ID CRD42018111230; registered on 16/10/18.

scholarly journals Some Epidemiological Aspects of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a New Focus, Central Iran

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Yaghoobi-Ershadi ◽  
N. Marvi-Moghadam ◽  
R. Jafari ◽  
A. A. Akhavan ◽  
H. Solimani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Native People ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Tatera Indica

Following the epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khatam County, Yazd Province, this study was carried out to determine vector, and animal reservoir host(s) and investigate the human infection during 2005-2006. Four rural districts where the disease had higher prevalence were selected. Sticky paper traps were used to collect sand flies during April to November, biweekly. Meanwhile rodents were captured using Sherman traps from August to November. Households and primary schools were visited and examined for human infection in February 2006. The parasite was detected by RAPD-PCR method. The rate of ulcers and scars among the inhabitants was 4.8% and 9.8%, respectively. Three rodent species were captured during the study:Meriones libycus, Rhombomys opimus, andTatera indica. Six sand fly species were also collected and identified; among themPhlebotomus papatasihad the highest frequency.Leishmania majorwas detected as the agent of the disease in the area. It was detected fromR. opimusand native people.

scholarly journals Analysis of salivary gland transcripts of the sand fly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirotomo Kato ◽  
Ryan C. Jochim ◽  
Eduardo A. Gomez ◽  
Hiroshi Uezato ◽  
Tatsuyuki Mimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Andean Type

scholarly journals Transgenic Expression of CXCR3 on T Cells Enhances Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmania major Infection by Inhibiting Monocyte Maturation and Promoting a Th2 Response

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Oghumu ◽  
James C. Stock ◽  
Sanjay Varikuti ◽  
Ran Dong ◽  
Cesar Terrazas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Th2 Response ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transgenic Expression ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused mainly byLeishmania major, an obligate intracellular parasite, is a disfiguring disease characterized by large skin lesions and is transmitted by a sand fly vector. We previously showed that the chemokine receptor CXCR3 plays a critical role in mediating resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis caused byLeishmania major. Furthermore, T cells fromL. major-susceptible BALB/c but notL. major-resistant C57BL/6 mice fail to efficiently upregulate CXCR3 upon activation. We therefore examined whether transgenic expression of CXCR3 on T cells would enhance resistance toL. majorinfection in susceptible BALB/c mice. We generated BALB/c and C57BL/6 transgenic mice, which constitutively overexpressed CXCR3 under a CD2 promoter, and then examined the outcomes withL. majorinfection. Contrary to our hypothesis, transgenic expression of CXCR3 (CXCR3Tg) on T cells of BALB/c mice resulted in increased lesion sizes and parasite burdens compared to wild-type (WT) littermates afterL. majorinfection. Restimulated lymph node cells fromL. major-infected BALB/c-CXCR3Tgmice produced more interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 and less gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Cells in draining lymph nodes from BALB/c-CXCR3Tgmice showed enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cell accumulation associated with increased neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. However, monocytes displayed an immature phenotype which correlated with increased parasite burdens. Interestingly, transgenic expression of CXCR3 on T cells did not impact the outcome ofL. majorinfection in C57BL/6 mice, which mounted a predominantly Th1 response and spontaneously resolved their infection similar to WT littermates. Our findings demonstrate that transgenic expression of CXCR3 on T cells increases susceptibility of BALB/c mice toL. major.

The peridomiciliar sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) in areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Além Paraíba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginaldo P. Brazil ◽  
Wagner Lança Passos ◽  
Andressa A. Fuzari ◽  
Alda L. Falcão ◽  
José Dilermando Andrade Filho
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sand Fly
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