State-Level Opioid Policy Analyses: Moving Beyond the Classic Difference-in-Differences Model

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Opioid Policy

Legalization of Medical Cannabis and Site of Death: Evidence From National Vital Statistics Mortality Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110587
Author(s):  
Divya Bhagianadh ◽  
Kanika Arora
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Hospital Deaths ◽  
Poor Outcomes

We examined whether Medical Marijuana Legislation (MML) was associated with site of death. Using state-level data (1992–2018) from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), we employed difference-in-differences method to compare changes in death rate among older adults at four sites—nursing home (NH), hospital, home, hospice/other—over time in states with and without MML. Heterogeneity analyses were conducted by timing of MML adoption, and by decedent characteristics. Results show a negative association between MML implementation and NH deaths. Among early adopters (states with weakly regulated programs) and decedents with musculoskeletal disorders, there was a positive association between MML implementation and hospital deaths, whereas among late adopters (states with “medicalized” programs), there was a positive association between MML implementation and hospice deaths. Decline in NH deaths may reflect increased likelihood of transfers due to threat of Federal enforcement, penalties for poor outcomes, and liability concerns. Future studies should examine these associations further.

scholarly journals The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs*

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 1405-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doruk Cengiz ◽  
Arindrajit Dube ◽  
Attila Lindner ◽  
Ben Zipperer
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Employment Effect ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Demographic Groups

Abstract We estimate the effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs using 138 prominent state-level minimum wage changes between 1979 and 2016 in the United States using a difference-in-differences approach. We first estimate the effect of the minimum wage increase on employment changes by wage bins throughout the hourly wage distribution. We then focus on the bottom part of the wage distribution and compare the number of excess jobs paying at or slightly above the new minimum wage to the missing jobs paying below it to infer the employment effect. We find that the overall number of low-wage jobs remained essentially unchanged over the five years following the increase. At the same time, the direct effect of the minimum wage on average earnings was amplified by modest wage spillovers at the bottom of the wage distribution. Our estimates by detailed demographic groups show that the lack of job loss is not explained by labor-labor substitution at the bottom of the wage distribution. We also find no evidence of disemployment when we consider higher levels of minimum wages. However, we do find some evidence of reduced employment in tradeable sectors. We also show how decomposing the overall employment effect by wage bins allows a transparent way of assessing the plausibility of estimates.

scholarly journals The Impact of State Dementia Training Requirements for Nursing Homes on Resident Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 550-550
Author(s):  
Yuna Bae-Shaaw ◽  
Cara Lekovitch ◽  
Felicia Chew ◽  
Natalie Leland ◽  
Neeraj Sood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
State Level ◽  
Physical Restraints ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Restraint Use ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Level Training

Abstract Stakeholders, including policymakers, have prioritized the need to educate nursing home (NH) staff about Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Despite this prioritization and the relationship between staff training and outcomes, dementia-specific knowledge is variable. This study examined state-level training policies between 2011-2016. During this time 12 states (regulators and payers) implemented NH dementia training requirements, creating an opportunity for a natural experiment between states with and without new requirements. We estimated difference-in-differences models to determine the effect of state requirements on outcomes. Data from Nursing Home Compare and LTCFocus.org were linked to data on state policies. Training requirements were associated with 0.39 and 0.17 percentage point reductions in antipsychotics use and restraint use, respectively, and no impact on falls or need for help with daily activities. State requirements for dementia training in NHs are associated with a small, but significant reduction in the use of antipsychotic medication and physical restraints.

scholarly journals Do changes in divorce legislation have an impact on divorce rates? The case of unilateral divorce in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Latin American ◽  
State Level ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Unilateral Divorce

Abstract In 2008, Mexico City was the first entity to approve unilateral divorce in Mexico. Since then, 17 states out of 31 have also moved to eliminate fault-based divorce. In this paper, I investigate the effect of the changes in unilateral legislation on divorce rates in Mexico, given the remarkable growth of divorce rates over the past few decades in the country, but especially after the introduction of unilateral divorce. Following a difference-in-differences methodology, two models are developed using panel state-level data. The results indicate that divorce on no grounds accounts for a 26.4% increase in the total number of divorces in the adopting states during the period 2009–2015. Moreover, since no-fault divorce has been implemented gradually in the country, the rising trend in divorce rates is expected to continue over the coming years. Unilateral legislation has proved to be an effective tool in modifying family structures in Mexico, so it is important to be aware of the short- and medium-term consequences of the shift toward divorce on no grounds, in order to improve the delivery of these policies in the country. This is especially important at this point in time, when 14 remaining states may potentially adopt unilateral legislation. This paper is the first one to address the effect of adopting unilateral divorce in the context of a Latin American country.

Leaves and Leaving: The Family and Medical Leave Act and the Decline in Maternal Labor Force Participation

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie K Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
State Level ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
The Family

Abstract Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady decrease in the labor force participation of married women with children under the age of six. There is little empirical evidence that changes in demographics are responsible for the falling participation rates. Rather, it appears that this trend is concentrated amongst women with children under the age of two and that federal maternity leave mandates are most responsible. I estimate the effect of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) on participation by using the FMLA as a natural experiment and exploiting state-level differentiation in maternity leave statutes. Theoretically, maternity leave statutes intend to preserve job tenure for expecting mothers. However, if an employed mother on maternity leave learns that her value for staying at home exceeds her value from working, she will exit the labor force once the leave expires. Difference-in-differences estimates show that after the FMLA, employed and expecting married mothers who live in an area without state-mandated maternity leave are 2.7 percentage points more likely to leave the labor force after taking maternity leave than those who live in an area with state-mandated maternity leave. As a sensitivity test, I evaluate married women without infant children and single women as additional control groups to estimate difference-in-difference-in-differences effects of the FMLA. Altogether, the increase in the proportion of mothers leaving the labor force due to federally-mandated maternity leave accounts for almost two-thirds of the overall fall in labor force participation.

scholarly journals The Direct Effect of Corporate Law on Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Guzman
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Foreign Firm ◽  
State Level ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Firm Entry ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Business Corporation ◽  
The Impact

This paper estimates the impact of adopting the Model Business Corporation Act, a compendium of legal best practices, on U.S. state-level entrepreneurship. States adopted new corporate law endogenously, with legal changes being preceded by economic booms. Using foreign firm entry allows controlling for this endogeneity. Difference-in-differences estimates show better law increased the rate of new local corporations by 26% per year. Four tenths of the new corporations are substitutions from other firm types, and the rest are net new firms. Southern and Western states benefited more, and states that only partially adopted the MBCA saw no benefit.

Does Affirmative Action Incentivize Schooling? Evidence from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
State Level ◽  
School Age ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Designs ◽  
Group Student

Affirmative action raises the likelihood of getting into college or obtaining a government job for minority social groups in India. I find that minority group students are incentivized to stay in school longer in response to changes in future prospects. To identify causal relationships, I leverage variation in group eligibility, school age cohorts, and state-level intensity of implementation in difference-in-differences and regression discontinuity designs. These estimators consistently show that affirmative action incentivizes about 0.8 additional years of education for the average minority group student and 1.2 more years of education for a student from a marginal minority subgroup.

Discrimination in public accommodations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-613
Author(s):  
Anna Harvey ◽  
Emily A. West
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
State Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Union Army ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDespite widespread belief in the efficacy of statutes prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations, including protections for the use of privately provided yet publicly available services such as transportation, hotels, and restaurants, we lack causal estimates of the impacts of these statutes on the well-being of those they are designed to protect. We leverage the US Supreme Court's 1883 strike of the public accommodations provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1875, along with variation in state-level statutes, to identify the impact of the Act's public accommodations provisions. Using a panel of repeated geo-located medical exams of US Colored Troops (USCT) and white Union Army veterans, and a series of difference-in-differences, geographic regression discontinuity, and placebo designs, estimates consistently suggest that the Court's ruling led to meaningful weight losses for USCT veterans in states without state-level public accommodations statutes. These findings suggest that statutes prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations can have significant positive impacts on the well-being of those they are designed to protect.

scholarly journals Are fire safe cigarettes actually fire safe? Evidence from changes in US state laws

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Bonander ◽  
Niklas Jakobsson ◽  
Finn Nilson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed State ◽  
State Level ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Invariant State ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Residential Fire ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Invariant

ObjectiveTo estimate the effects of fire safe cigarette laws on fire mortality and cigarette-related fires in the USA.MethodsWe examined the gradual implementation of the laws to identify their average effects, using difference-in-differences analysis to account for common year effects, time-invariant state effects, state-specific trends and observable time-varying state-level covariates.ResultsWe found no statistically significant effects on all-cause fire mortality, residential fire mortality or cigarette-caused fire rates. The estimates for cigarette-caused fire deaths were significant under some specifications, but were not robust to the inclusion of state-specific trends or comparisons to effects on other cause-determined fires.ConclusionsGiven the mixed state of our results, we conclude that previous claims regarding the effects of fire safe cigarette laws may be premature.

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