DIFFERENCE IN CUTICLE COMPONENT AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE IN NURSE AND FORAGER WORKER HONEYBEE (APIS MELLIFERA L)

The aim of this work is to study the difference of physiology between the workerbee nurse and forager (Apis mellifera intermissa). The chosen physiologicalcharacteristics were the component of the cuticle (protein-chitin content) and themeasure of the efficiency of immune system (the total number of haemocytes(THC), the normal haemocytes and the relative mass of fat body). The THC iswidely used as an indicator of cellular immunocompetence of insects. The normalhaemocytes, also referred to immunocytes, indicate the integrity of cellularimmune system. The fat body is an indirect measurement of induced humoralimmunocompetence. The THC and the normal haemocytes were determined by themethod described by Amdam et al., (2004). For the estimation of the cuticularabdominal protein-chitin content, the method described by Berghiche et al., (2007)was employed. The relative mass of fat body was determined using an etherextraction method according to Doums et al., (2002) and Wilson-Rich et al.,(2008).The results show that a considerable percentage of a cuticular protein and adecrease of chitin was observed in nurse compared to forager. The older beesexhibited a strong reduction in the immun parameters.

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Winter honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations show greater potential to induce immune response than summer ones after immune stimuli

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.232595 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. jeb.232595

Author(s):

Silvie Dostálková ◽

Pavel Dobeš ◽

Martin Kunc ◽

Jana Hurychová ◽

Mária Škrabišová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

Fat Body ◽

Immune Systems ◽

Colony Fitness ◽

Middle Europe ◽

Immune Challenges ◽

The Difference ◽

Vitellogenin Gene

In the temperate climates of middle Europe and North America, two distinct honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations are found in colonies: short-living summer bees emerge in spring and survive until summer, whereas long-living winter bees emerge in late August and overwinter. Besides the difference in their life spans, each of these populations fulfills a different role in the colonies and individual bees have distinct physiological and immunological adaptations depending on their roles. For instance, winter worker bees have higher vitellogenin levels and larger reserves of nutrients in the fat body than summer bees. The differences between the immune systems of both populations are well described at the constitutive level; however, our knowledge of its inducibility is still very limited. In this study, we focus on the response of 10-day-old honeybee workers to immune challenges triggered in vivo by injecting heat-killed bacteria, with particular focus on honeybees that emerge and live under hive conditions. Responses to bacterial injections differed between summer and winter bees. The latter induced more intense response, including higher expression of antimicrobial genes and antimicrobial activity, as well as a significant decrease in vitellogenin gene expression and its concentration in the hemolymph. The intense immune response observed in winter honeybees may contribute to our understanding of the relationships between colony fitness and infection with pathogens, as well as its association with successful overwintering.

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Evolution de la masse corporelle et de la masse relative de quelques organes au cours du cycle annuel chez les mâles matures de Vipera aspis

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/156853894x00236 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 123-133

Author(s):

H. Saint Girons ◽

R. Duguy

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Fat Body ◽

Significant Decline ◽

Sexual Cycle ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Slow Decline ◽

Fat Bodies ◽

Fat Body Mass ◽

Vipera Aspis

AbstractThe relative mass of fat bodies of 103 adult male Vipera aspis from western France appeared to be correlated with fasting and feeding periods. There was a slow decline in mass during wintering and a rapid decline during the occurrence of spring mating; a minimum fat body mass was at the first molting time in May. This was the only time when there was a significant decline in the relative mass of the liver; vipers are noticeably emaciated during this period. Changes in relative kidney mass were correlated with the volume of the sexual segment of the kidneys, the minimum being in July. The relative mass of the testes was also linked with the sexual cycle; the minimum appeared to be in July and there was little variation between September and May.

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Effect of yeast and essential oil-enriched diets on critical determinants of health and immune function in Africanized Apis mellifera

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.12164 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. e12164

Author(s):

César Canché-Collí ◽

Humberto Estrella-Maldonado ◽

Luis A. Medina-Medina ◽

Humberto Moo-Valle ◽

Luz Maria Calvo-Irabien ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Food Intake ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Immune Function ◽

Honey Bees ◽

Fat Body ◽

Control Diet ◽

Starmerella Bombicola ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Brewers Yeast

Nutrition is vital for health and immune function in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The effect of diets enriched with bee-associated yeasts and essential oils of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) was tested on survival, food intake, accumulated fat body tissue, and gene expression of vitellogenin (Vg), prophenoloxidase (proPO) and glucose oxidase (GOx) in newly emerged worker bees. The enriched diets were provided to bees under the premise that supplementation with yeasts or essential oils can enhance health variables and the expression of genes related to immune function in worker bees. Based on a standard pollen substitute, used as a control diet, enriched diets were formulated, five with added bee-associated yeasts (Starmerella bombicola, Starmerella etchellsii, Starmerella bombicola 2, Zygosaccharomyces mellis, and the brewers’ yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and three with added essential oils from L. graveolens (carvacrol, thymol, and sesquiterpenes). Groups of bees were fed one of the diets for 9 or 12 days. Survival probability was similar in the yeast and essential oils treatments in relation to the control, but median survival was lower in the carvacrol and sesquiterpenes treatments. Food intake was higher in all the yeast treatments than in the control. Fat body percentage in individual bees was slightly lower in all treatments than in the control, with significant decreases in the thymol and carvacrol treatments. Expression of the genes Vg, proPO, and GOx was minimally affected by the yeast treatments but was adversely affected by the carvacrol and thymol treatments.

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Thiamethoxam (Neonicotinoïd) and Spinosad (Bioinsecticide) Affect Hypopharyngeal Glands and Survival of Apis mellifera intermissa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions - Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_110 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 347-349

Author(s):

Hichem Ahmed Menail ◽

Wided Fella Bouchema-Boutefnouchet ◽

Guy Smagghe ◽

Wahida Ayad-Loucif

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽

Apis Mellifera Intermissa

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Multi-modal imaging and analysis in the search for iron-based magnetoreceptors in the honeybee Apis mellifera

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.181163 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 181163 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jeremy A. Shaw ◽

Alastair Boyd ◽

Michael House ◽

Gary Cowin ◽

Boris Baer

Keyword(s):

Apis Mellifera ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Animal Species ◽

Fat Body ◽

Regions Of Interest ◽

Analysis Approach ◽

Anatomical Region ◽

Magnetic Sense ◽

Iron Based ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

The honeybee Apis mellifera is one of many animal species for which empirical evidence of a magnetic sense has been provided. The underlying mechanisms postulated for magnetoreception in bees are varied, but most point towards the abdomen as the most likely anatomical region for its location, partly owing to the large accumulation of iron in trophocyte cells that comprise the honeybee fat body. Using a multi-modal imaging and analysis approach, we have investigated iron in the honeybee, with a particular focus on the abdomen and the utility of such techniques as applied to magnetoreception. Abdominal iron is shown to accumulate rapidly, reaching near maximum levels only 5 days after emerging from the comb and is associated with the accumulation of iron within the fat body. While fat body iron could be visualized, no regions of interest, other than perhaps the fat body itself, were identified as potential sites for magnetoreceptive cells. If an iron-based magnetoreceptor exists within the honeybee abdomen the large accumulation of iron in the fat body is likely to impede its discovery.

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Comparison of different methods for determination of sodium chloride in cheese

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1001065r ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milos Rajkovic ◽

Ivana Sredovic ◽

Zorana Miloradovic

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Standard Addition ◽

Weight Fraction ◽

Practical Method ◽

Solution Concentration ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Chloride Ions ◽

Selective Electrode ◽

The Difference

The content of NaCl (weight fraction of Cl-ions, in %) was analysed in different cheeses, which were bought in supermarkets, and made by domestic manufacturers. Sodium chloride in cheese samples was analysed after the extraction of chloride by nitric acid solution. Concentration of chloride ions was potentiometricly determined, with the chloride selective electrode and titrimetricly by Volhard method. According to the results in the analysis of the content of NaCl in %, by different methods it was determined that the share of NaCl in % ranged from 0.66 to 4.43% (determined by potentiometric route) that is from 0.97 to 4.72% (determined by titrimetric route by Volhard method). The difference in received results in different methods is less if the share of NaCl, in % is higher than 3%. If the share is less than 3%, the difference in results rapidly increases, and the biggest difference is when the share is less than 1%. This analysis was done according to the results received by Volhard method, which is accepted as a standard method. As Volhard method is in connection with cheese resolving by intense oxidation means, azotic acid and potassium permanganate, obligatory in fume board (hood), it is not a practical method. On the other hand, the potentiometric method with usage of the chloride-selective electrode is very simple and gives reliable and reproductive results. In case of a small content of NaCl, in %, higher precision and accuracy of determination by chloride-selective electrode can be obtained by indirect measurement of chloride-ions (by standard addition method).

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MEAT PRODUCTIVITY OF BROILER CHICKENS WHEN INCLUDING SUB-PRO PROBIOTIC IN THEIR DIET

Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy ◽

10.18286/1816-4501-2021-1-198-206 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 212 ◽

pp. 198-206

Author(s):

D.V. Nikitchenko ◽

◽

V.E. Nikitchenko ◽

D.V. Andrianova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Live Weight ◽

Pectoral Muscle ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Control Group ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

The Difference ◽

Meat Productivity ◽

Experimental Group

The possibility of including SUB-PRO probiotic instead of Maxus G feed antibiotic in the diet of broiler chickens of Ross 308 cross was studied to obtain products free of drugs for antimicrobial resistance usage. The dynamics of live weight and carcass weight of cockerels at 1-, 21-, 28-, 34-, 38- and 42-days old was determined. The males of the control group (group 1) reached live weight of 2619 ± 44.9, experimental - 2739 ± 46.2 or more by 4.38%, at P≤0.05 by 42 days of age, and those which received feed antibiotic ( group 3) - 2677 ± 45.1 (further, meat productivity of the latter was not studied, since they are not of practical importance). The mass of carcasses of the experimental group was equal to 1704 ± 23.1 g, which is 4.60% more than the control, at P≤0.05; the relative mass of muscle tissue increased with age by 10.78% in the experimental group in comparison with the 1-day -olds, in the control group - by 10.0%, whereas the mass of bones decreased by 16.75 and 16.59%, respectively (by the difference); the diameter of muscle fibers of superficial pectoral muscle of 42-day-old broilers of the experimental group increased with age by 6.94 times and amounted to 57.9 μm; in terms of microbiological parameters, carcass meat meets the requirements of the interstate standard GOST 31468—2012. At the age of 42 days, cockerels of the control group showed dystrophic changes in the superficial pectoral muscle in the form of an expansion of the endomysium diameter, with the accumulation of interfiber fluid (albuminous degeneration), while some cockerels of the experimental group have fibers with vacuoles and infiltration by immunocompetent cells (leukocytes, phagocytes). Adding SUB-PRO probiotic in the broilers’ diet instead of the feed antibiotic does not reduce productivity, but excludes the negative consequences of feed antibiotics.

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