Differential Diagnosis of Anterior Mediastinal Masses in Children (Literature Review with Their Own Clinical Observations)

The article is devoted to the description of the X-ray anatomy of the mediastinum, the evolution of the classification of this anatomical region. As well as systematization of radiological signs of the most common formations of the anterior (prevascular) mediastinum in children. Based on these data, a table of the most characteristic radiographic features of various neoplasms of different groups. Reflected basic criteria differential diagnosis of various tumors of the anterior mediastinum.

Meninges Outside the Meninges: Ectopic Meningiomas and Meningothlelial Proliferations

Extracranial meningiomas have been reported for decades now and have been described in the head and neck; calvarial, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, parotid gland and in various remote anatomical locations systemically. The presence of microanatomical structures for all intents and purposes resembling and having the histopathological characteristics of meninges outside of the central nervous system meninges is uncommon but well-documented. Typically, these lesions are found in the lung or part of hamartomatous/choristomatous lesions and frequently occur in the head and neck anatomical region. The lesion first described by Suster and Rosai termed \"hamartoma of the scalp with ectopic meningothelial elements\" is the prototypical example of lesions with meningothelial elements. We have described recently a similar hamartomatous lesion with meningothelial elements occurring in the tongue. In this chapter, we will review the clinicopathological features of ectopic meningiomas and lesions that contain meningothelial elements and their possible pathogenesis.

Radiographic Anatomy of the Abdomen of Local Breed Dogs

Objectives: The anatomical area that constitutes the abdomen is an area that is often subject to serious conditions. These diseases can affect the digestive and urogenital systems and radiography is a complementary examination of choice to refine the diagnosis. This study had for objective, to realize a radio anatomical atlas of the Abdomen in order to facilitate the comprehension and the interpretation of the radiographic pictures of the dog. Methodology: To do this, radiographs were performed on the Abdomen of 30 healthy dogs including 15 females and 15 males, (all of local breed) received at the radiology room. Results: At the end of the study, the best normal pictures by anatomical region and by incidence of the normal pictures of the Abdomen, were selected constituting a reference database in radiographic anatomy of this animal. Each radiograph is commented and annotated, facilitating the understanding of the images. These radiographic images will serve as a basis for the interpretation of radiographic images of the abdomen in the dog. Conclusion: These radiographs will serve as a basis for the interpretation of radiographic images of the abdomen of the dog.

Radiographic Anatomy of the Canine Appendicular Skeleton

Objectives: Being the most common pet in Africa, the dog is often subject to various diseases, especially appendicular. A good knowledge of the normal radiographic anatomy is an important support for the clinician for the interpretation of radiographic pictures of the appendicular skeleton. The aim of this study was to produce a radio-anatomical atlas of the appendicular skeleton of the dog in order to facilitate the understanding and interpretation of radiographic images of the dog. Methodology: For this purpose, radiographs were performed on all regions of the limbs of healthy dogs received at the radiology room. Results: At the end of the study, the best normal radiographs by anatomical region and by incidence of normal limb radiographs, were selected constituting a reference database of radiographic anatomy of this animal. Each radiograph is commented and annotated, facilitating the understanding of the pictures. Conclusion: These radiographs will serve as a basis for the interpretation of radiographic images of the appendicular skeleton in the dog. Decrease medical as well as financial burden, hence improving the management of cirrhotic patients. These predictors, however, need further work to validate reliability.

Frequency of Injury and Illness in the Final 4 Weeks before a Trail Running Competition

We aimed to (i) determine self-reported injury and illness frequency in trail runners 4 weeks preceding competition; (ii) compare athletes with and without injury/illness by sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and competition distance; (iii) describe mechanism of injury, anatomical region (injury)/organ system (illness) involved, consequences of injury on preparation and self-perception of injury severity; (iv) compare anatomical region (injury) and organ system (illness) by sex. A total of 654 trail runners (age 36.2, IQR 30.6–43.0; 36.9% females) participated in this retrospective cross-sectional study by completing a self-reported questionnaire. Injury and illness frequency rates were 31.3% (n = 205, CI:27.7–35.0%) and 22.3% (n = 146, CI:19.1–25.7%), respectively. No significant difference was found between injured vs. non-injured or ill vs. non-ill study participants by sex, age, BMI and competition distance. Regarding injuries, gradual onset (41.6%) and knee (33.2%) were the most indicated mechanism and anatomical region of injury. At least 85.4% of trail runners changed their training following injury and 79% indicated that their injury would affect their competition performance. Regarding illness, the respiratory tract was the most frequent organ system involved (82.9%). Male and female participants reported similar proportions of anatomical regions (injury) and organ systems (illness) affected. These results could help to generate education strategies and appropriate medical support before and during these competitions.

Interobserver variability of injury severity assessment in polytrauma patients: does the anatomical region play a role?

Background The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and Injury Severity Score (ISS) are widely used to assess trauma patients. In this study, the interobserver variability of the injury severity assessment for severely injured patients was analyzed based on different injured anatomical regions, and the various demographic backgrounds of the observers. Methods A standardized questionnaire was presented to surgical experts and participants of clinical polytrauma courses. It contained medical information and initial X-rays/CT-scans of 10 cases of severely injured patients. Participants estimated the severity of each injury based on the AIS. Interobserver variability for the AIS, ISS, and New Injury Severity Score (NISS) was calculated by employing the statistical method of Krippendorff's α coefficient. Results Overall, 54 participants were included. The major contributing medical specialties were orthopedic trauma surgery (N = 36, 67%) and general surgery (N = 13, 24%). The measured interobserver variability in the assessment of the overall injury severity was high (α ISS: 0.33 / α NISS: 0.23). Moreover, there were differences in the interobserver variability of the maximum AIS (MAIS) depending on the anatomical region: αhead and neck: 0.06, αthorax: 0.45, αabdomen: 0.27 and αextremities: 0.55. Conclusions Interobserver agreement concerning injury severity assessment appears to be low among clinicians. We also noted marked differences in variability according to injury anatomy. The study shows that the assessment of injury severity is also highly variable between experts in the field. This implies the need for appropriate education to improve the accuracy of trauma evaluation in the respective trauma registries.

Anatomical and ontogenetic influences on muscle density

Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), an important biomechanical variable, is an estimate of a muscle’s contractile force potential and is derived from dividing muscle mass by the product of a muscle’s average fascicle length and a theoretical constant representing the density of mammalian skeletal muscle. This density constant is usually taken from experimental studies of small samples of several model taxa using tissues collected predominantly from the lower limbs of adult animals. The generalized application of this constant to broader analyses of mammalian myology assumes that muscle density (1) is consistent across anatomical regions and (2) is unaffected by the aging process. To investigate the validity of these assumptions, we studied muscles of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the largest sample heretofore investigated explicitly for these variables, and we did so from numerous anatomical regions and from three different age-cohorts. Differences in muscle density and histology as a consequence of age and anatomical region were evaluated using Tukey’s HSD tests. Overall, we observed that older individuals tend to have denser muscles than younger individuals. Our findings also demonstrated significant differences in muscle density between anatomic regions within the older cohorts, though none in the youngest cohort. Approximately 50% of the variation in muscle density can be explained histologically by the average muscle fiber area and the average percent fiber area. That is, muscles with larger average fiber areas and a higher proportion of fiber area tend to be denser. Importantly, using the age and region dependent measurements of muscle density that we provide may increase the accuracy of PCSA estimations. Although we found statistically significant differences related to ontogeny and anatomical region, if density cannot be measured directly, the specific values presented herein should be used to improve accuracy. If a single muscle density constant that has been better validated than the ones presented in the previous literature is preferred, then 1.0558 and 1.0502 g/cm3 would be reasonable constants to use across all adult and juvenile muscles respectively.

Accurate Measurement of Surface Areas of Anatomical Structures Including Areas with an Irregular Relief: a Modern Solution to the Problem

Relevance. The currently available methods for measuring anatomical areas with irregular relief do not claim to be accurate and easy to use.The aim of the study was to develop a method for measuring the surface area of an anatomical region (substructure) with an irregular relief.Material and methods. There was developed an option to measure the surface area of an anatomical region (substructure) with a complex relief in patients with pathology of the maxillofacial region and perineum using realistic 3D modeling.Results. The principle of the developed method is that, firstly, it is necessary to determine the patient's "zone of interest", where it is planned to measure the surface area; after that, digital photographs of the defined area are taken to obtain a sufficient number of images from the maximum number of available angles using a template with predefined dimensions for scaling. Then the obtained photographs are processed in the program for the 3D model reconstruction, and a realistic 3D model that correctly repeats the relief of the "zone of interest" and guarantees measurements of the surface area taking into account all its individual features is obtained. The method has been tested in obstetrics and gynecology, dentistry, maxillofacial surgery.Conclusion. This technique has been proved to be simple, accessible, fast, highly accurate in measuring the area of anatomical regions with complex relief. At the same time, the investigated object does not need fixation and prolonged immobility. A digital optical device is used contactless, the fact being significant in situations where it is necessary to comply with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis.