Perceived Parenting Style and Adolescents’ Social Anxiety in Selangor, Malaysia

IntroductionAdolescence is a period of increasing demands in independent social functioning where parenting style may have an impact on social anxiety. A context-dependent effect of oxytocin on human social behavior has been suggested, however research on the gene coding for oxytocin (OXT) has mostly been reported without considering contextual factors.AimThis study investigated interactions between parenting style and polymorphic variations in the OXT gene in association with social anxiety symptoms in a community sample of adolescents.MethodsThe study group consisted of 1359 adolescents. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms located near OXT, rs4813625 and rs2770378, were genotyped. Social anxiety and perceived parenting style were assessed by behavioral questionnaires.ResultsSignificant joint effects in line with the differential susceptibility framework were observed for rs4813625 with parenting style. The levels of social anxiety among C allele carriers were conditional on the level of supportive parenting style whereas homozygote G carriers’ levels of social anxiety were unaffected by supportive parenting style. The nature of the interactions between rs2770378 and parenting style was in line with the diatheses-stress model. However, associations of rs2770378 and parenting style with social anxiety became nonsignificant in nonlinear models.ConclusionsThe study provides preliminary evidence for a modifying effect of supportive parenting style on the relationship between rs4813625 and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents, independent of sex. The findings may be interpreted from the perspective of the social salience hypotheses of oxytocin, with rs4813625 affecting social anxiety levels along a perceived unsafe–safe social context dimension.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Differential susceptibility effects of oxytocin gene (OXT) polymorphisms and perceived parenting on social anxiety among adolescents

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579417000967 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 449-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Susanne Olofsdotter ◽

Cecilia Åslund ◽

Tomas Furmark ◽

Erika Comasco ◽

Kent W. Nilsson

Keyword(s):

Social Anxiety ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Community Sample ◽

Differential Susceptibility ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Susceptibility Effects ◽

The Social

AbstractSocial anxiety is one of the most commonly reported mental health problems among adolescents, and it has been suggested that parenting style influences an adolescent's level of anxiety. A context-dependent effect of oxytocin on human social behavior has been proposed; however, research on the oxytocin gene (OXT) has mostly been reported without considering contextual factors. This study investigated the interactions between parenting style and polymorphic variations in the OXT gene in association with social anxiety symptoms in a community sample of adolescents (n = 1,359). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to OXT, rs4813625 and rs2770378, were genotyped. Social anxiety and perceived parenting style were assessed by behavioral questionnaires. In interaction models adjusted for sex, significant interaction effects with parenting style were observed for both variants in relation to social anxiety. The nature of the interactions was in line with the differential susceptibility framework for rs4813625, whereas for rs2770378 the results indicated a diathesis–stress type of interaction. The findings may be interpreted from the perspective of the social salience hypothesis of oxytocin, with rs4813625 affecting social anxiety levels along a perceived unsafe–safe social context dimension.

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Authoritative Maternal Parenting Associates With the Explicit Need for Autonomy

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000309 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 110-116

Author(s):

Jonathan E. Ramsay

Keyword(s):

University Students ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Maternal Parenting ◽

Retrospective Design ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Paternal Parenting ◽

The Relationship

Abstract. Previous research suggests that parenting style influences the development of the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation. The present study investigated the relationship between parenting style and another important motive disposition – the need for autonomy – in a sample of Singapore university students ( N = 97, 69% female), using a cross-sectional and retrospective design. It was predicted that an authoritative perceived parenting style would relate positively to the implicit need for autonomy ( nAut), the explicit need for autonomy ( sanAut), and the congruence between these two motive dispositions. Authoritative maternal parenting was found to positively associate with sanAut, while maternal parenting was not found to associate with nAut, or with nAut/ sanAut congruence. Paternal parenting was not associated with any of the dependent variables.

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Perceived Parenting Style and Its Relationship to Happiness, Hopefulness, and Optimism in a College Student Sample

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e655782012-001 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Griess ◽

Brian D. Johnson ◽

Annette S. Peters ◽

Jeffrey D. Roche ◽

Meag-Gan Walters

Keyword(s):

College Student ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Student Sample ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

College Student Sample

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Emerging Adult Perceptions of and Preferences for Parenting Styles and Associated Psychological Outcomes

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x18756928 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 2491-2504 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cliff McKinney ◽

Janet W. Kwan

Keyword(s):

Emerging Adults ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Child Outcomes ◽

Emerging Adult ◽

Risky Behaviors ◽

Psychological Problems ◽

Child Gender ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Gender Dyads

Research suggests that child perception of parenting styles may strongly influence child outcomes and parents must balance support and structure based on their emerging adult children’s changing needs. The current study examined emerging adult perceptions of parenting style in comparison with their preferences and how these characteristics interact to predict psychological problems. Significant interactions between preferred and perceived parenting style were found, several of which were further moderated by gender. Results suggest that emerging adults prefer parenting styles that grant autonomy, and males reported lower psychological problems when they also perceived such a parenting style, whereas females reported higher psychological problems. This may suggest that females experience more risky behaviors while at college when granted autonomy relative to males, thus accounting for their higher psychological problems. The current study emphasizes the ongoing impact of parental influences on emerging adult outcomes and that children’s preferences and perceptions influence parent–child gender dyads.

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The role of personality in the relationship between the perceived parenting style and the choice of coping mechanisms

10.47040/sd/sdpsych.v11i2.115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 93-109

Author(s):

Maria Popescu

Keyword(s):

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Coping Style ◽

Coping Styles ◽

Emotional Stability ◽

Perceived Parenting ◽

Social Coping ◽

Parenting Dimensions ◽

The Relationship

This study examined the moderating role of personality in the relationship between perceived parenting type and personal coping style. One hundred and fourteen women and 30 men, aged between 16 and 71 years old, participated in the present study. The instruments used were the Parenting Style Inventory-II (PSI-II), the COPE inventory, and Big-Five IPIP-50. Results showed that social coping was the only coping style that was significantly predicted by parenting dimensions. It was found that extraversion negatively moderates the relationship between mothers’ and, respectively, fathers’ parenting styles and social coping. Emotional stability also negatively moderates the link between parenting and social coping, but only for the mother’s parenting. When analysed the separate dimensions of the parenting styles, it was found that emotional stability also negatively moderates the relationship between mother’s, respectively father’s warmth and social coping. Agreeableness was found to moderate the positive link between maternal parenting style and social coping, more specifically, maternal control. Openness to experience negatively moderated the relationship between maternal warmth and social coping. No significant relationships were found for conscientiousness. The present study can contribute to clinical practice by the insight it provides on the interaction between personality and environmental factors in the development of coping styles. This information can be used in tailoring the psychological interventions so that they can best suit each personality type.

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