scholarly journals Densitas Massa Tulang pada Pasien HIV/AIDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Nadia Ayu Mulansari ◽  
Nanang Sukmana ◽  
Bambang Setyohadi ◽  
Siti Setiati
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Hiv Seropositive ◽  
Hiv Aids

Pendahuluan. Tingginya angka kejadian HIV/AIDS pada usia muda yang mencapai 50% dari total kasus HIV/AIDS di Indonesia menjadi permasalahan yang serius, khususnya terkait kualitas hidup pasien. Selain infeksi oportunistik, keadaan osteopenia dan juga osteoporosis sering ditemukan pada pasien dengan HIV/AIDS. Namun demikian, penelitian mengenai gambaran massa tulang pada pasien HIV/AIDS di Indonesia sampai saat ini belum didapatkan.Metode. Studi potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien dewasa dengan infeksi HIV naif antiretroviral di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Jakarta pada Februari-Mei 2008. Pemeriksaan bone mineral density (BMD) dilakukan dengan menggunakan DXA scanning. Hasil. Berdasarkan pemeriksaan BMD didapatkan sebanyak 29,3% subjek ostopenia, 1,3% osteoporosis dan sisanya normal. Osteopenia/osteoporosis didapatkan lebih besar pada subjek yang mengonsumsi alkohol, merokok, hitung limfosit CD4+ <200 sel/mm3 dan IMT<18,5 dengan proporsi masing-masing secara berturut-turut yaitu 53,6%; 36,9%; 35,5%; dan 37,6%. Lama infeksi HIV pada penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda.Simpulan. Didapatkan keadaan osteopenia dan osteoporosis pada pasien dengan HIV/AIDS. Pada pasien HIV/AIDS dengan riwayat merokok, konsumsi alkohol, hitung limfosit CD4+ <200 sel/mm3 dam IMT rendah, didapatkan angka osteopenia/osteoporosis yang lebih tinggi.Kata kunci: HIV, naif antiretroviral, osteopenia/osteoporosis Bone Mass Density in HIV/AIDS PatientsIntroduction. Indonesia has a high incidence of young HIV-positive population which is 20-29 years of age is in the highest group (50%). For this reason, it is important to make a better quality of life for them. Unfortunately, beside all the opportunistic infection, it was proved that osteopenia/osteoporosis has become a new emerging metabolic condition for HIV-infected patients. There is still no study about the description of bone mass density in HIV/AIDS patients in Indonesia. Methods. A cross sectional study was conducted in a total of 75 HIV-seropositive antiretroviral-naïve patients. Bone mineral density (BMD) was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in lumbar spine. Results. Seventy-five subjects had been recruited. Low BMD was found in 29.3% HIV-seropositive patients with osteopenia and 1,3% with osteoporosis. There was a higher number of osteopenia/osteoporosis in subjects who consume alcohol, smoking, lymphocyte CD4 <200 cells/mm3 and low body mass index (BMI). Duration of infection did not show any differences in both HIV with osteopenia/osteoporosis and subjects with normal bone condition. Conclusions. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were found in patients with HIV/AIDS in RSCM with lower bone density in subjects who consumed alcohol, smoke, lymphocyte CD4 <200 cells/mm3 and low BMI. Keywords: HIV, antiretroviral naïve, osteopenia/osteoporosis 

scholarly journals KORELASI KADAR CRP, TNF-α DAN BONE MINERAL DENSITY DENGAN CARBOXYTERMINAL CROSSLINKED TELOPEPTIDE TYPE I OF COLLAGEN DI PENDERITA ARTRITIS REUMATOID

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Kusworini Handono ◽  
BP Putra Suryana ◽  
Sulistyorini Sulistyorini
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Bone Resorption Marker ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Tnf Α

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease accompanied by decreasing bone mass density and ultimately leads toosteoporosis. The cause of decreased bone mass density is still unknown, but the inflammation has been suspected as an important factor.The correlation between the severity of inflammation with the decrease in bone mass density in Indonesian RA patients has not been muchstudied. The purpose of this study was to know the assessment in the correlation between levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), Tumour NecrosisFactor-α (TNFα) and bone mineral density (BMD) with bone resorption marker CTx-1 β-Cross Laps in premenopausal RA patients.Thisobservational study using cross sectional design, was carried out in the Rheumatology Clinic and Central Laboratory of RSSA, Malang fromAugust 2009 until October 2010. All 47 RA patients were diagnosed according to revised of the 1997 American College of Rheumatology(ACR). Measurement of CRP levels uses turbidimetry method, TNF-α and CTX-1 β-Cross Laps levels using ELISA methods and the measurementof BMD using DEXA. The results of this study showed mean levels of CRP were 4.288±1.775 g/L, TNF-α were 322.077±275.248 pg/mLand CTX-1 β-Cross Laps were 0.588±0.139 ng mL. The correlation of CRP and TNF-α levels with CTX-1 β-Cross Laps level were r=0.5832,p=0.453 and r=0.615, p=0.041. Correlation of CTX-1 β-Cross Laps level and Femoral Neck BMD was r=–0.469, p=0.143 and r=0.248,p=0.799 for L average BMD. There was no correlation between CRP level and BMD results with bone resorption marker CTX-1 β-Cross Laps,but there is a significant correlation between high levels of TNFα with CTX-1 β-Cross Laps. It seems that TNF-α appears to be contributed tothe decrease of bone mass density in RA patients.

scholarly journals Hubungan fraksi area trabekula anterior mandibula dengan kepadatan tulang lumbar spine untuk deteksi dini osteoporosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Sri Lestari ◽  
Rini Widyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Area Fraction ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Anterior Mandible

The relationship of anterior mandible trabecular area with bone mass density of lumbar spine for early detection of osteoporosis. Bone mineral density is an indicator of osteoporosis, including the bone mineral density of lumbar spine. The decrease of lumbar spine bone mass density will cause an alteration in another site, including the mandibular. The aim of this research is to determine the predictor of lumbar spine bone mineral density using trabecular bone image of anterior mandible on periapical radiographs. The research was conducted by extracting the area fraction at mandible trabecular bone using digital periapical radiograph from 25 subjects. Canny edge detection was used in digital image processing for each radiograph. The regions of interest were selected from the image obtained by canny edge detection, so that the area fraction could be measured. A linier regression test was applied to determine a relationship between the area fractions of mandible trabecular bone with the bone mineral density of lumbar spine. The result of linear regression test showed that the area fraction of mandible trabecular bone had a moderate negative correlation with bone mass density of lumbar spine (α = 0.046; R = -0.403). The direction of the correlation was negative (b = -0.145). The area fraction of mandible trabecular bone on periapical radiographs could be used as the predictor for bone mass density of lumbar spine.ABSTRAKKepadatan tulang merupakan indikator osteoporosis, salah satu diantaranya adalah kepadatan tulang pada lumbar spine. Penurunan kepadatan tulang pada lumbar spine mempengaruhi kondisi tulang lain, termasuk tulang rahang bawah (mandibula). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan prediktor densitas mineral tulang menggunakan citra radiograf periapikal tulang trabekula pada regio anterior rahang bawah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan ekstraksi fraksi area tulang trabekula mandibula yang tercitrakan pada radiograf periapikal digital dari 25 subjek. Pengolahan citra digital pada radiograf periapikal dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deteksi tepi canny terhadap masing-masing citra radiograf. Region of Interest diseleksi dari citra hasil deteksi canny, sehingga dapat dilakukan pengukuran fraksi area. Uji regresi linier dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai fraksi area trabekula mandibula dengan tingkat kepadatan tulang pada lumbar spine. Hasil uji regresi linier menunjukkan bahwa nilai fraksi area trabekula mandibula berkorelasi negatif dengan kepadatan tulang dengan kekuatan sedang (α = 0,046; R = -0,403). Adapun arah korelasi antara nilai fraksi area trabekula mandibula dengan kepadatan tulang adalah negatif (b = -0,145). Fraksi area tulang trabekula pada citra radiograf periapikal dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor kepadatan tulang pada lumbar spine.

scholarly journals Bone Mineral Density in Thalassemia Major Patients from Antalya, Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Aslan ◽  
Duran Canatan ◽  
Nihal Balta ◽  
Gulizar Kacar ◽  
Cengaver Dorak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

Aim. We assessed the bone mineral density and related parameters in nine adults, thirty-eight pubertal, prepubertal totally forty-seven patients with thalassemia major living in Antalya, Turkey.Materials and Methods. We measured height and pubertal staging in last five years by six-month intervals. Average ferritin and hemoglobin concentrations were calculated for last three years. The levels of hydroxyproline, calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine were measured in 24 h urine, and those of parathormone, IGF 1, osteocalcine, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, ionized calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatine, blood glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase were determined in serum, and also the bone mineral density was measured.Results. The average L1–L4 bone mass density was27.1±10.1 g cm−2; the average bone mineral content was0.65 ± 0.11 g. of the patients with a Z-score under 2.5. A moderate relationship was found between the bone mass density age and height. Subjects in low pubertal staging and short stature (<3% percentile) have significantly lower bone mass densitiesP<0.001.Conclusion. he prevalence of osteoporosis is high in patients with thalassemia major, possibly related to delayed puberty.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis; An Iranian Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 599-606
Author(s):  
Saeid Amirkhanlou ◽  
Gholamreza Roshandel ◽  
Mehrdad Aghaei ◽  
Hossein Mohebi ◽  
Sahab-Sadat Tabatabei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Bone Density

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a condition in which bone turnover and metabolism is impaired; thus, osteoporosis and low bone density are subsequently inevitable. We aimed to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers, and associated factors in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: Patients aged 30-70 years undergoing HD between 2015 to 2019 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. BMD measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and biochemical laboratory tests were assessed in 200 patients undergoing HD. Statistical analysis was based on t test, Pearson, regression and Mann-Whitney tests using SPSS 16. Results: Two hundred patients were investigated. Sixty percent of the patients were female. Mean ± SD of participants’ age was 58.6 (±11.63) years and mean ± SD for duration of HD was 45.69 (± 43.76) months. Osteoporosis was found in 48% (n=96) and low bone density in 36% (n=76) of our patients. General osteoporosis was more frequent in those undergoing HD for more than 3 years, although not significantly (P=0.093, odds ratio [OR]=0.37). However, regional osteoporosis in hip and femoral neck, but not spine vertebrae, were significantly higher after three years of HD (P=0.036, OR=0.27; P=0.042, OR=0.27; and P=0.344, OR=0.56, respectively). Increased body mass index (BMI) correlated negatively with osteoporosis (P=0.050). Conclusion: With increasing age and duration of HD, BMD decreases. Higher BMI was associated with higher bone mass density. Bone density assessment seems to be necessary in patients undergoing HD.

scholarly journals Swim-trained rats have greater bone mass, density, strength, and dynamics

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1663-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Hart ◽  
J. M. Shaw ◽  
E. Vajda ◽  
M. Hegsted ◽  
S. C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Femoral Shaft ◽  
Ovariectomized Rats ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mineral Density

Weight-bearing exercise is traditionally recommended for improving bone health in postmenopausal women. Effects of swim exercise were studied as an alternative to weight-bearing exercise in ovariectomized rats. Rats in a swim group (Sw, n = 8) swam for 12 wk, 5 days/wk for 60 min per session. A control group (Con, n = 9) engaged in no structured exercise. Femurs were analyzed for bone mineral density and for bone mineral content by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, biomechanical properties by three-point bending (Instron), and bone structure and formation by histomorphometry. Food intake did not differ among groups. Final body weights were significantly lower in Sw compared with Con ( P< 0.05). Swimmers had significantly greater femoral shaft bone mineral density and content ( P < 0.05) compared with Con. Femurs of the Sw group had greater mechanical properties ( P< 0.05) compared with Con. Histomorphometric data were significantly better in the Sw group compared with Con after the 12-wk intervention ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, data from this study demonstrate some beneficial effects of swim exercise on bone structure, turnover, and strength.

scholarly journals Association between Hypertension, Antihypertensive Drugs, and Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Syrian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nermeen Hijazi ◽  
Zaynab Alourfi
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Antihypertensive Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Bone Mass ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background. Osteoporosis and hypertension are frequent and often coexisting diseases among the elderly. Recent studies suggested that both diseases may share the same etiopathology. Moreover, the treatment of hypertension can affect the bone mineral density and worsen osteoporosis. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of low bone mass and osteoporosis in postmenopausal Syrian women and investigate their relationship with hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. Methods. 813 postmenopausal women were involved in this cross-sectional study, aged between 40 and 96 yrs. Their menopause duration ranged between 1 and 43 yrs. Bone mineral density was measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the total lumbar spine (L1-L4) and left hip. T-score values were used to determine the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The existence of HTN was defined as blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or a history of hypertension medication. Results. Using the world health organization criteria, 24% had osteoporosis and 45.2% had low bone mass. The incidence of osteoporosis and low bone mass significantly increased with age and menopause duration and decreased with BMI. Prevalence of hypertension was almost equal among the women who had or did not have osteoporosis. However, hypertensive women who used thiazides or beta blockers had higher values of total lumbar BMD compared with the women who did not. Conclusion. Hypertension in postmenopausal Syrian women aged over 40 was not found to be associated with osteoporosis. However, the mean total lumbar BMD of the hypertensive women who took thiazide diuretics or beta blocker was found to be increased significantly comparing to the women who did not take either.

scholarly journals Image Analysis of Periapical Radiograph for Bone Mineral Density Prediction

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rini Widyaningrum ◽  
Sri Lestari ◽  
Ferry Jie
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Image Analysis ◽  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
T Score

<span>Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease. Parameter from any bone site in the body has possibility to be developed as a predictor of osteoporosis. The alteration in the mandible trabecular bone is visible in periapical radiographs. The aim of this study was to correlate the area parameter and the integrated density of periapical radiograph with bone mineral density. Image analysis of periapical radiograph i.e. measurement of area parameter and integrated density was done on Region of Interest (ROI) by using canny edge detection method. Result of this study showed that the area parameter has asignificant (α&lt;0.05) negative correlation with the bone mass density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (r = -0.371) and T-score of the lumbar spine (r = -0.383). The linear regression test showed that the area parameter only can be used to predict T-score of the lumbar spine (F=5.822, α&lt;0.05). The integrated density showed a significant (α &lt; 0.05) negative correlation with T-score of hip (r = -0.332) and T-score of lumbar spine (r = -0.377). It can be concluded that the area parameter can be used as one of input parameters for computer-aided system of osteoporosis early detection by using periapical radiograph.</span>

scholarly journals Bone mineral density and its correlation with Vitamin D status in healthy adults of Manipur – A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-9
Author(s):  
Dr karthika M ◽  
Prakash Chandra Bhardwaj ◽  
Laimayum Amarnath Sharma ◽  
W Kanan ◽  
W Asoka Singh
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional

The levels of vitamin D have an important effect on bone mass in young and old. Hypovitaminosis D adversely affects calcium metabolism, osteoblastic activity, matrix ossification, bone remodeling, and hence bone density. Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the status of serum 25(OH)D and BMD of healthy adult men in Manipur and also to find out the relationship of 25(OH)D level with BMD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Physiology in collaboration with the Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal from October 2014 to September 2016. 100 Healthy adult males in Manipur in the age group 18-35years and ≥50years were included in the study after obtaining Ethical approval from the Research Ethics Board, RIMS, Imphal. The serum 25-OH vitamin D level was estimated by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit (IDS immunodiagnostic systems, United Kingdom). The BMD of lumbar spine was determined using enCORE – based X-ray bone densitometer (Lunar Prodigy advance, GE Medical Systems, USA) which is based on DEXA scan. Results: The present study revealed that the majority of subjects with insufficiency of 25(OH)D had low bone mass, whereas all the subjects with 25(OH)D deficiency had BMD readings consistent with osteopenia or osteoporosis in both the age groups. This study also showed a positive correlation between BMD and 25(OH)D in most subjects, particularly in the groups with insufficiency or deficiency of 25(OH)D.Conclusion: In conclusion, the study shows a positive relationship between the serum 25 (OH) D concentrations and BMD. Keywords: Serum 25(OH)D; Bone mineral density (BMD); Enzyme immunoassay (EIA).

scholarly journals Lack of deleterious effect on bone mineral density of long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Reverter ◽  
S Holgado ◽  
N Alonso ◽  
I Salinas ◽  
M L Granada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Calcium Metabolism ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density

The effect of subclinical hyperthyroidism on bone mineral density is controversial and could be significant in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma who receive suppressive doses of levothyroxine (LT4). To ascertain whether prolonged treatment with LT4 to suppress thyrotropin had a deleterious effect on bone mineral density and/or calcium metabolism in patients thyroidectomized for differentiated thyroid cancer we have performed a cross-sectional study in a group of 88 women (mean ± SD age: 51 ± 12 years) treated with LT4 after near-total thyroidectomy and in a control group of 88 healthy women (51 ± 11 years) matched for body mass index and menopausal status. We determined calcium metabolism parameters, bone turnover marker N-telopeptide and bone mass density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No differences were found between patients and controls in calcium metabolism parameters or N-telopeptide except for PTH, which was significantly increased in controls. No differences were found between groups in bone mineral density in femoral neck (0.971 ± 0.148 gr/cm2 vs 0.956 ± 0.130 gr/cm2 in patients and controls respectively, P = 0.5). In lumbar spine, bone mineral density values were lower in controls than in patients (1.058 ± 0.329 gr/cm2 vs 1.155 ± 0.224 gr/cm2 respectively, P<0.05). When premenopausal (n = 44) and postmenopausal (n = 44) patients were compared with their respective controls, bone mineral density was similar both in femoral neck and lumbar spine. The proportion of women with normal bone mass density, osteopenia and osteoporosis in patient and control groups was similar in pre- and postmenopausal women. In conclusion, long-term suppressive LT4 treatment does not appear to affect skeletal integrity in women with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

scholarly journals A Whole-Genome Sequencing Association Study of Low Bone Mineral Density Identifies New Susceptibility Loci in the Phase I Qatar Biobank Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Nadin Younes ◽  
Najeeb Syed ◽  
Santosh K. Yadav ◽  
Mohammad Haris ◽  
Atiyeh M. Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Bone Mass Density ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Low Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Genome Wide

Bone density disorders are characterized by a reduction in bone mass density and strength, which lead to an increase in the susceptibility to sudden and unexpected fractures. Despite the serious consequences of low bone mineral density (BMD) and its significant impact on human health, most affected individuals may not know that they have the disease because it is asymptomatic. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of low BMD and osteoporosis is essential to fully elucidate its pathobiology and devise preventative or therapeutic approaches. Here we sequenced the whole genomes of 3000 individuals from the Qatar Biobank and conducted genome-wide association analyses to identify genetic risk factors associated with low BMD in the Qatari population. Fifteen variants were significantly associated with total body BMD (p < 5 × 10−8). Of these, five variants had previously been reported by and were directionally consistent with previous genome-wide association study data. Ten variants were new: six intronic variants located at six gene loci (MALAT1/TALAM1, FASLG, LSAMP, SAG, FAM189A2, and LOC101928063) and four intergenic variants. This first such study in Qatar provides a new insight into the genetic architecture of low BMD in the Qatari population. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to validate these findings and to elucidate the functional effects of these variants on low BMD and bone fracture susceptibility.

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