scholarly journals Beta-casein A1/A2, kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin polymorphisms in Turkish cattle breeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dinc ◽  
E. Ozkan ◽  
E. Koban ◽  
I. Togan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Abstract. In this study, the genetic diversity of three milk protein genes namely beta-casein, kappacasein and beta-lactoglobulin was estimated in Turkish cattle breeds. Based on these genes, breeds in Turkey have been grouped as: 1) Eastern Anatolian Red, Anatolian Black and Southern Anatolian Red and 2) Turkish Grey, Turkish Holstein and Holstein Candidate Bulls. B alleles of the three studied genes, which were reported to be positively related with cheese yield and quality, seemed to be low-intermediate for beta-casein and kappa-casein but relatively high for beta-lactoglobulin in the first group of Turkish breeds compared to other breeds of the world. The kappa-casein E allele, which has a negative effect on cheese quality, is absent in Turkish cattle breeds, except in Holstein Candidate Bulls. Therefore, the results suggest that milk of Turkish native breeds is suitable for cheese making. Based on observations of the Turkish breeds, some suggestions were made regarding breeding practices in Turkey.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF COWS GENOTYPE ON THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND MILK QUALITY

Food systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Tyulkin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

As studies by Russian and foreign scientists show, the breed and the cows genotype affects on their productivity and milk quality. In connection with this, the purpose of this research was to study the milk productivity and milk quality of the Tatarstan type Kholmogory cows with different complex genotypes on the milk protein genes, namely, alpha S1-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin. The genotypes on the milk protein genes were determined by DNA analysis methods. Determination of quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk was carried out by control milking and on a milk analyzer «LAKTAN1–4». Better raw milk, that is, with the greatest amount of nutrients, such as milk fat and protein, was milk from cows with complex genotypes of milk proteins ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АА, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АВ, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/ВВ. In practical terms, it is possible to get more quality dairy products from such raw materials.

scholarly journals Mapping and analysis of dairy cattle quantitative trait loci by maximum likelihood methodology using milk protein genes as genetic markers.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bovenhuis ◽  
J I Weller
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Abstract Maximum likelihood methodology was used to estimate effects of both a marker gene and a linked quantitative trait locus (QTL) on quantitative traits in a segregating population. Two alleles were assumed for the QTL. In addition to the effects of genotypes at both loci on the mean of the quantitative trait, recombination frequency between the loci, frequency of the QTL alleles and the residual standard deviation were also estimated. Thus six parameters were estimated in addition to the marker genotype means. The statistical model was tested on simulated data, and used to estimate direct and linked effects of the milk protein genes, beta-lactoglobulin, kappa-casein, and beta-casein, on milk, fat, and protein production and fat and protein percent in the Dutch dairy cattle population. beta-Lactoglobulin had significant direct effects on milk yield and fat percent. kappa-Casein had significant direct effects on milk yield, protein percent and fat yield. beta-Casein had significant direct effects on milk yield, fat and protein percent and fat and protein yield. Linked QTL with significant effects on fat percent were found for kappa-casein and beta-casein. Since the beta-casein and kappa-casein genes are closely linked, it is likely that the same QTL was detected for those two markers. Further, a QTL with a significant effect on fat yield was found to be linked to kappa-casein and a QTL with a significant effect on protein yield was linked to beta-lactoglobulin.

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism of milk protein loci in Argentinian Holstein cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gloria Bonvillani ◽  
Miguel Angel Di Renzo ◽  
Iván Nicolás Tiranti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Some alleles of milk protein loci are associated with superior cheese production characteristics. The genetic polymorphism of the milk protein loci alphas1-casein, beta-casein, k-casein and beta-lactoglobulin was examined in Argentinian Holstein cattle. Samples from 12 herds of four regions of Córdoba were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. The chi² test was used to assess whether the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genotypic diversity was analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver index. The observed genotypic frequencies were analyzed by Hedrick's genetic identity and the genetic distance of Balakrishnan and Sanghvi. The allelic and genotypic frequencies were similar to those of other Holstein populations. The genotypic frequencies of the alphas1-casein and beta-casein loci were in equilibrium, whereas in some populations the k-casein and beta-lactoglobulin loci were not. According to the Shannon-Weaver index the total genetic diversity within each herd was greater than 96%. The high values of identity agreed with the low genetic distances among populations. We conclude that there is extensive genetic homogeneity in Holstein cattle in Córdoba Province and that it would be feasible to select for B alleles at the k-casein and b-lactoglobulin loci in order to improve the quality of milk available for cheese manufacturing.

scholarly journals Composition of major proteins in cow milk differing in mean protein concentration during the first 155 days of lactation and the influence of season as well as short-term restricted feeding in early and mid-lactation

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gellrich ◽  
H.H.D. Meyer ◽  
S. Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin ◽  
Alpha Lactalbumin

A variety of proteins contributes greatly to the unique nutritional and functional quality of dairy cow milk. Particularly, milk casein content and composition have substantial influence on the processing capabilities. In the present study, milk of 23 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, grouped as high- (3.49 ± 0.05%; n = 11) and low-protein (3.03 ± 0.05%; n = 12) cows, was sampled approximately weekly during the first 155 days of lactation to determine the course of relative milk protein composition (α-lactalbumin; β-lactoglobulin; α-, β-, and κ-casein). Furthermore, feed restrictions by 30% of dry matter intake in early and mid-lactation as well as experimental tissue biopsies were conducted to observe their effect on milk protein composition. Milk protein composition was relatively stable and displayed similar concentration patterns throughout the experimental period between both groups. Mean relative concentrations of α-, β-, κ-casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin were 34.2, 31.4, 16.0, 2.1, and 9.7% of total protein, respectively. Feed restrictions did not alter milk protein composition, whereas the season influenced α- and β-casein as well as α-lactalbumin. Further, effects were observed in both groups at times of unfamiliar stressful situations caused by taking liver or muscle biopsies. As a result, the relative concentration of β-casein increased. Therefore, acute stress factors may lead to a deviation in milk protein composition and should be avoided.  

scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism and effect on milk production of CSN2 gene in conventional and local cattle breeds in Croatia

Mljekarstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Ante Ivanković ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Central Database

Over the past three decades, the scientific and public interest has been initiated by studies in which the negative effect of milk consumption of beta-casein A1 variant has been observed on consumers’ health. The production of “A2 milk” is one of the ways to economically increase the competitiveness of small and medium-sized dairy farms. Breeders of endangered local breeds are also interested in reaffirmation through production of “A2 milk”. The aim of this study is to determine frequencies of A1 and A2 variants of beta-casein in three commercial and three local breeds of cattle in Croatia, and their relationship with production indicators of commercial breeds in the first three lactations. The genomic DNA was extracted from hair and determination of CSN2 genotypes was conducted by PCR RFLP method. Data for milk yield and chemical composition were provided by the central database. The dominant presence of A2 variant beta-casein in the investigated cattle breeds (0.650-0.758) and the increase in the frequency of A2 beta-casein in the population of Simmental and Istrian cattle were determined. The association of A2A2 and A1A1 genotypes of beta-casein with lactation production and milk fat content in the first and second lactation was observed (p<0.05). The dominance of the A2 allelic variation of beta-casein makes the researched conventional and local breeds suitable for the production of “A2 milk”. The breeding extension of A2 allelic variation of beta-casein within local cattle breeds should be carried out carefully trying not to lose part of the existing genetic variability.

scholarly journals The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kolenda ◽  
Beata Sitkowska
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Past ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Genotype And Allele Frequencies

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were subjected to genotyping via microarrays. A total of 24 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within tested genes were investigated. Two CSN1S1 SNPs were monomorphic, while allele CSN1S1_3*G in CSN1S1_3 SNP dominated with a frequency of 99.39%. Out of seven CSN2 SNPs, four were polymorphic; however, only for CSN2_3 all three genotypes were detected. Only three out of nine SNPs within CSN3 were monomorphic. Three PAEP SNPs were also found to be polymorphic with heterozygotes being most frequent. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for eight variants. It was shown that only CSN3_6 was not in HWE. The fact that many of investigated SNPs were monomorphic may suggest that in the past the reproduction program favored one of these genotypes. SNPs that are included in commercially available microarrays should be monitored in relation to changes in their frequencies. If a SNP has turned monomorphic, maybe it should be considered for removal from the microarray.

scholarly journals Survey of ß-Lactoglobulin and α<sub>S1</sub>-Casein polimorpbisms in Hungarian dairy sheep breeds and crosses on DNA level (short communication)

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Anton ◽  
A. Zsolnai ◽  
L. Fesús ◽  
S. Kukovics ◽  
A. Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Sheep Breeds ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Abstract. Beta-lactoglobulin (LGB) and the Welsh αS1-casein (αS1-casein D) types have been determined using PCR-RFLP tests in DNA isolated from blood samples collected from four dairy sheep breeds (Awassi, British Milk Sheep, Tsigaia, Lacaune), from Hungarian Merinos and from various crossbreeds (AwassixMerino) F1, (MerinoxLanghe) F1, (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1, (MerinoxPleven Blackhead ) F1x Black East Friesian). The following LGBA frequency values have been obtained: Awassi 0.3478; British Milk Sheep 0.6857; Tsigaia 0.5650; Lacaune 0.4730; Hungarian Merino 0.6767; (Awassix Merino) F1 0.4694; (MerinoxLanghe) F1 0.7777; (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1 0.5945; (MerinoxPleven Blackhead) F1 x Black East Friesian 0.6026. The Welsh αS1-casein variant was found in the Hungarian Merino breed only (4 homozygous and 16 heterozygous ewes). Plans for studies on the possible effects of these milk protein types, on milk yield and composition as well as on cheese making properties ofmilk and cheese yields are outlined.

scholarly journals Specific DNA binding of Stat5, but not of glucocorticoid receptor, is required for their functional cooperation in the regulation of gene transcription.

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 6708-6716 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Stoecklin ◽  
M Wissler ◽  
R Moriggl ◽  
B Groner
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Transactivation Domain ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein

Prolactin and glucocorticoid hormone are signals which regulate the transcription of milk protein genes in mammary epithelial cells. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which these hormones cooperate in the induction of transcription. Both hormones activate latent transcription factors in the cytoplasm of mammary epithelial cells. Prolactin exerts its effect through binding to the extracellular domain of the prolactin receptor and through receptor dimerization. This leads to the activation of a protein tyrosine kinase (Jak2), which is noncovalently associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the prolactin receptor. Jak2 phosphorylates the signal transducer and transcription activator (Stat5) which causes its dimerization and nuclear translocation where Stat5 specifically binds to sequence elements in the promoter regions of milk protein genes. In comparison, the glucocorticoid receptor is activated by a lipophilic steroid ligand in the cytoplasm which causes allosteric changes in the molecule, dimerization, and nuclear localization. It has been demonstrated that Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor form a molecular complex which cooperates in the induction of transcription of the beta-casein gene. We have defined the DNA sequence requirements for this cooperative mechanism and have delimited the functional domains in Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor that are necessary for the functional interaction. We find that the Stat5 response element (Stat5RE) within the beta-casein gene promoter is sufficient to elicit the cooperative action of Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor on transcription. Activation of Stat5 through phosphorylation of tyrosine 694 is an absolute prerequisite for transcription. Deletion of the transactivation domain of Stat5 results in a molecule which cannot mediate transactivation by itself but can still cooperate with the glucocorticoid receptor. Mutated variants of the glucocorticoid receptor with a nonfunctional DNA binding domain or a DNA binding domain contributed by the estrogen receptor are still able to cooperate with Stat5 in transcriptional induction. Deletion of the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor does not impede cooperation with Stat5, whereas deletion of the AF-1 transactivation domain does prevent cooperation. Our results indicate that the glucocorticoid receptor acts as a ligand-dependent coactivator of Stat5 independently of its DNA binding function.

High variability of milk protein genes in Bos indicus cattle breeds of Cameroon and Nigeria and characterization of a new αs1-casein promoter allele

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu ◽  
Eva-Maria Prinzenberg ◽  
Georg Erhardt
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Promoter Allele

The study provides the first comprehensive information on the variability of milk protein genes of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds in Cameroon and Nigeria. The investigations indicate a high diversity of milk protein genes for the zebu populations. Of the investigated alleles, 21 out of 29 were observed. The method of single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was a particularly useful technique because it allowed discrimination of alleles, including zebu-specific alleles at the CSN2 (I) and CSN3 (AI and H) loci, not separated by protein electrophoretic techniques and also made possible the detection of a further CSN1S1 5′ promoter allele (CSN1S1Prom5), which is also zebu-specific. Characterization of CSN1S1Prom5 showed that it was the most variable of all described CSN1S1 promoter alleles. A potential GATA consensus motif is created by mutations in CSN1S1Prom5. Intra-breed diversity measured as mean effective number of alleles was higher in the zebu populations than in the taurine breeds. Of the expected casein haplotypes, 96 out of 320 were present in the studied breeds. 2-C-A-A2-H (CSN1S1Prom2-CSN1S1C-CSN1S2A-CSN2A2-CSN3H) and 5-C-A-A2-H were zebu-specific while 1-B-A-A2-B was specific to the taurines. Overall distribution of alleles and haplotypes clearly separated the zebu populations from the taurine breeds. Zebu influence on the taurine breed Namchi was detected through the occurrence of zebu alleles and haplotypes. High variability of milk proteins also means availability of resources for breed development, phylogenetic studies, and conservation and management decisions.

Pengaruh Inflasi, BI Rate, NPF, dan BOPO terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
Toufan Aldian Syah
Keyword(s):  
Banking Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Test Correlation ◽  
The Ideal

Banking industry has a very important role in economic development in a country. Indonesia, which is the largest Muslim country in the world, certainly has the prospect of the development of Sharia Banking Industry is very good in the future. However, the development of Sharia Bank has been slowing down in recent years and the profitability of sharia comercial banking is still below the ideal value. This study aims to determine the internal factors and external factors that affect the profitability of Sharia Bank in the year of January 2012 until August 2017. The variables used in this study are ROA, Inflation, NPF, and BOPO. The data used is aggregate data of all Sharia Commercial Banks recorded at Bank Indonesia. Measurement of Statistic Description, F-Test, T-Test, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination and Multiple Linear Regression using IBM SPSS 21 software. The results showed that significant negative effect of BI rate, NPF and BOPO was found, while Inflation variable showed negative but not significant. Overall, the above variables affect the ROA of 87.7%, while 12.3% is likely to be influenced by other factors.

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