scholarly journals Genetic polymorphism of milk protein loci in Argentinian Holstein cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Gloria Bonvillani ◽  
Miguel Angel Di Renzo ◽  
Iván Nicolás Tiranti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Some alleles of milk protein loci are associated with superior cheese production characteristics. The genetic polymorphism of the milk protein loci alphas1-casein, beta-casein, k-casein and beta-lactoglobulin was examined in Argentinian Holstein cattle. Samples from 12 herds of four regions of Córdoba were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. The chi² test was used to assess whether the populations were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genotypic diversity was analyzed by the Shannon-Weaver index. The observed genotypic frequencies were analyzed by Hedrick's genetic identity and the genetic distance of Balakrishnan and Sanghvi. The allelic and genotypic frequencies were similar to those of other Holstein populations. The genotypic frequencies of the alphas1-casein and beta-casein loci were in equilibrium, whereas in some populations the k-casein and beta-lactoglobulin loci were not. According to the Shannon-Weaver index the total genetic diversity within each herd was greater than 96%. The high values of identity agreed with the low genetic distances among populations. We conclude that there is extensive genetic homogeneity in Holstein cattle in Córdoba Province and that it would be feasible to select for B alleles at the k-casein and b-lactoglobulin loci in order to improve the quality of milk available for cheese manufacturing.

scholarly journals Composition of major proteins in cow milk differing in mean protein concentration during the first 155 days of lactation and the influence of season as well as short-term restricted feeding in early and mid-lactation

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gellrich ◽  
H.H.D. Meyer ◽  
S. Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin ◽  
Alpha Lactalbumin

A variety of proteins contributes greatly to the unique nutritional and functional quality of dairy cow milk. Particularly, milk casein content and composition have substantial influence on the processing capabilities. In the present study, milk of 23 multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows, grouped as high- (3.49 ± 0.05%; n = 11) and low-protein (3.03 ± 0.05%; n = 12) cows, was sampled approximately weekly during the first 155 days of lactation to determine the course of relative milk protein composition (α-lactalbumin; β-lactoglobulin; α-, β-, and κ-casein). Furthermore, feed restrictions by 30% of dry matter intake in early and mid-lactation as well as experimental tissue biopsies were conducted to observe their effect on milk protein composition. Milk protein composition was relatively stable and displayed similar concentration patterns throughout the experimental period between both groups. Mean relative concentrations of α-, β-, κ-casein, α-lactalbumin, and β-lactoglobulin were 34.2, 31.4, 16.0, 2.1, and 9.7% of total protein, respectively. Feed restrictions did not alter milk protein composition, whereas the season influenced α- and β-casein as well as α-lactalbumin. Further, effects were observed in both groups at times of unfamiliar stressful situations caused by taking liver or muscle biopsies. As a result, the relative concentration of β-casein increased. Therefore, acute stress factors may lead to a deviation in milk protein composition and should be avoided.  

scholarly journals Beta-casein A1/A2, kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin polymorphisms in Turkish cattle breeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dinc ◽  
E. Ozkan ◽  
E. Koban ◽  
I. Togan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The World ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Abstract. In this study, the genetic diversity of three milk protein genes namely beta-casein, kappacasein and beta-lactoglobulin was estimated in Turkish cattle breeds. Based on these genes, breeds in Turkey have been grouped as: 1) Eastern Anatolian Red, Anatolian Black and Southern Anatolian Red and 2) Turkish Grey, Turkish Holstein and Holstein Candidate Bulls. B alleles of the three studied genes, which were reported to be positively related with cheese yield and quality, seemed to be low-intermediate for beta-casein and kappa-casein but relatively high for beta-lactoglobulin in the first group of Turkish breeds compared to other breeds of the world. The kappa-casein E allele, which has a negative effect on cheese quality, is absent in Turkish cattle breeds, except in Holstein Candidate Bulls. Therefore, the results suggest that milk of Turkish native breeds is suitable for cheese making. Based on observations of the Turkish breeds, some suggestions were made regarding breeding practices in Turkey.

Genetic Variation in Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Jodie S. Holt ◽  
Norman C. Ellstrand
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Starch Gel

Genetic diversity within and among populations of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) was analyzed to evaluate and quantify the genetic consequences of the reported predominance of asexually-produced tubers as colonizing agents. Ten populations were examined using starch gel electrophoresis for allozyme analysis. Four populations of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) were surveyed for comparison. Twelve loci were identified in yellow nutsedge among the eight enzyme systems examined; ten of these loci were found in purple nutsedge. Yellow nutsedge showed relatively low genetic diversity. Most of the genetic diversity occurred as differences among individuals within populations (Hs), compared to differences among populations (Dst) for the four variable loci identified in this species. Thus, most genetic distancesbetween its populations were small. Generally, only a few genotypes occurred within each population. Purple nutsedge was found to possess even lower within- and among-population gene and genotypic diversity. This study supports the view that tubers account for most of the establishment of new populations of both species.

Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Stocks of the Ontario Waters of Lake Huron

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1772-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Casselman ◽  
J. J. Collins ◽  
E. J. Grossman ◽  
P. E. Ihssen ◽  
G. R. Spangler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Lake Huron ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Lake Whitefish ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
South Shore

Historical and contemporary data on lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from the Ontario waters of Lake Huron were examined for evidence of stocks with the objective of defining population boundaries. We delineated the spatial distribution of five stocks from tag–recapture data and the general location of six additional stocks on the basis of population parameters such as growth rate, age structure, and abundance trends.Samples of fish collected (summer and fall) from 5 of the 11 potential stocks were evaluated on the basis of 11 morphometric and 7 meristic characters. We also examined osseometric features such as shape of scales and otoliths, and electrophoretic characteristics at 32 loci associated with 12 enzyme systems.The summer and fall samples for each group were generally not significantly different. For the phenotypes examined electrophoretically, each stock was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium; 12 of the 32 loci considered were polymorphic and 4 of the 10 possible genetic distances differed significantly from zero.The Inner Basin stock was distinctly different from all other stocks. The Blind River stock was also found to be different by osseometrics, but not by morphometrics or electrophoresis. Osseometrics separated the stocks by basin of origin. Two stocks, Outer Basin and Burnt Island, appeared to be the most similar and could be separated from each other only on the basis of growth rate and tagging data. These two stocks are adjacent to each other in the main basin of Lake Huron, along the south shore of Manitoulin Island.Whitefish stocks of Lake Huron represent groups of fish that differ phenotypically and genotypically in varying degrees, are spatially separated, and behave as cohesive units. We conclude that they should be regarded as functional units for management purposes.Key words: lake whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, Lake Huron, stocks, tag–recapture data, population structure, morphometrics, meristics, osseometrics, scale and otolith shape, starch gel electrophoresis, biochemical genetic variation

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF COWS GENOTYPE ON THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND MILK QUALITY

Food systems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Tyulkin
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

As studies by Russian and foreign scientists show, the breed and the cows genotype affects on their productivity and milk quality. In connection with this, the purpose of this research was to study the milk productivity and milk quality of the Tatarstan type Kholmogory cows with different complex genotypes on the milk protein genes, namely, alpha S1-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactalbumin. The genotypes on the milk protein genes were determined by DNA analysis methods. Determination of quantitative and qualitative indicators of milk was carried out by control milking and on a milk analyzer «LAKTAN1–4». Better raw milk, that is, with the greatest amount of nutrients, such as milk fat and protein, was milk from cows with complex genotypes of milk proteins ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АА, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/АВ, ВВ/АВ/АВ/АВ/ВВ. In practical terms, it is possible to get more quality dairy products from such raw materials.

scholarly journals Mapping and analysis of dairy cattle quantitative trait loci by maximum likelihood methodology using milk protein genes as genetic markers.

Genetics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Bovenhuis ◽  
J I Weller
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

Abstract Maximum likelihood methodology was used to estimate effects of both a marker gene and a linked quantitative trait locus (QTL) on quantitative traits in a segregating population. Two alleles were assumed for the QTL. In addition to the effects of genotypes at both loci on the mean of the quantitative trait, recombination frequency between the loci, frequency of the QTL alleles and the residual standard deviation were also estimated. Thus six parameters were estimated in addition to the marker genotype means. The statistical model was tested on simulated data, and used to estimate direct and linked effects of the milk protein genes, beta-lactoglobulin, kappa-casein, and beta-casein, on milk, fat, and protein production and fat and protein percent in the Dutch dairy cattle population. beta-Lactoglobulin had significant direct effects on milk yield and fat percent. kappa-Casein had significant direct effects on milk yield, protein percent and fat yield. beta-Casein had significant direct effects on milk yield, fat and protein percent and fat and protein yield. Linked QTL with significant effects on fat percent were found for kappa-casein and beta-casein. Since the beta-casein and kappa-casein genes are closely linked, it is likely that the same QTL was detected for those two markers. Further, a QTL with a significant effect on fat yield was found to be linked to kappa-casein and a QTL with a significant effect on protein yield was linked to beta-lactoglobulin.

scholarly journals GENETIC POLYMORPHISM OF SNAILS SUCCINEA PUTRIS (GASTROPODA, PULMONATA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.E. Prokhorova ◽  
◽  
R.R. Usmanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Cytb Gene ◽  
North West ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
The North ◽  
The Republic

Genotypic diversity of snails Succinea putris L. (Linnaeus, 1758) collected in the north-west of Russia and in the Republic of Belarus was analysed. Homology between the nucleotide sequences of snails from different population made up 100% by the nucleotide sequence of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA. Genetic variability based on mitochondrial markers was insignificant. Average genetic distances between samples made up 0,009 for СOI gene loci and 0.008 for CytB gene loci. Was found ten haplotypes of the mitochondrial gene CytB and nine haplotypes of the mitochondrial gene СOI. Perhaps the genetic homogeneity of snails S. putris found in the study explains a low variability of their parasites, trematodes from the genus Leucochloridium.

scholarly journals The Polymorphism in Various Milk Protein Genes in Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kolenda ◽  
Beata Sitkowska
Keyword(s):  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Past ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Milk Protein Genes ◽  
Beta Casein ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Genotype And Allele Frequencies

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotype and allele frequencies of 24 polymorphisms in casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1), casein alpha S2 (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3), and progestagen-associated endometrial protein (PAEP) genes. The study included 1900 Polish Black and White Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were subjected to genotyping via microarrays. A total of 24 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within tested genes were investigated. Two CSN1S1 SNPs were monomorphic, while allele CSN1S1_3*G in CSN1S1_3 SNP dominated with a frequency of 99.39%. Out of seven CSN2 SNPs, four were polymorphic; however, only for CSN2_3 all three genotypes were detected. Only three out of nine SNPs within CSN3 were monomorphic. Three PAEP SNPs were also found to be polymorphic with heterozygotes being most frequent. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed for eight variants. It was shown that only CSN3_6 was not in HWE. The fact that many of investigated SNPs were monomorphic may suggest that in the past the reproduction program favored one of these genotypes. SNPs that are included in commercially available microarrays should be monitored in relation to changes in their frequencies. If a SNP has turned monomorphic, maybe it should be considered for removal from the microarray.

scholarly journals GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND EVOLUTION IN PARTHENOGENETIC ANIMALS. I. POLYPLOID CURCULIONIDAE

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-508
Author(s):  
Esko Suomalainen ◽  
Anssi Saura
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Different Populations

ABSTRACT The genetic variability at enzyme loci in different triploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic weevil populations has been elucidated by starch gel electrophoresis. The overall genotype of individual weevils belonging to different populations has been determined for over 25 loci. The results are compared with those obtained for diploid bisexual races of either the same or closely related species. The variation within a parthenogenetic population differs from that in diploid, sexually reproducing populations, i.e. the allele frequencies are not in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results indicate that apomictic parthenogenetic populations can differentiate genetically. The genotypes within a population resemble each other more than genotypes belonging to different populations. It is evident that evolution still continues-even if slowed down—in parthenogenetic weevils. A comparison between the allele relationships in geographically isolated polyploid parthenogenetic populations and related diploid bisexual forms does not support the hypothetical hybrid origin of parthenogenesis and polyploidy in weevils. Parthenogenesis within a parthenogenetic weevil species is evidently monophyletic.

REALIZATION OF PARENTAL INDICES OF COW PRODUCTIVITY IN DIFFERENT MILKING BREEDS AT BREEDING FARM "AGROFIRMA "PAKHMA"

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Holstein Cattle ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Cattle Breeds ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Production Indices ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin ◽  
Percentage Protein

Combination of genotypes of main types’ genetic markers causes milk productivity in cattle. The article studies correlation between kappa casein genotypes (C3N3), beta-lactoglobulin (LGB), their complexes and milk production indices in cows bred under equal conditions at a breeding farm. The calculation of parental milk yield and fat indices between the three breeds showed a significant difference (P>0,999) of PCI of Ayrshire and Holstein cattle breed milk yield - 3395 kg, PCI of fat - 0,22%; between Holstein and Yaroslavl cattle breeds - 3200 kg, PCI offat - 0,16%. A significant difference of realization indices of protein between all three breeds was not stated. The highest realization ofparental milk yield index was stated - between Ayrshire and Yaroslavl cattle breeds- 113%, Holstein cattle breed - 88%. As for the fat and protein indices, all three cattle breeds showed a high realization of PCI from 98% to 109%. However, Holstein cattle breed showed the highest percentage: protein - 101%, fat - 109%. A significant difference of PCI realization of milk productivity in CSN3 and LGB genotypes was not stated. It was also stated that there is a tendency of high level parental indices realization when there is a higher number of B-allele variants in genotypes of cows.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document