An Application of the “Traffic Lights” Idea to Crop Control in Integrated Administration Control System

The aim of the paper is to discuss the idea of marking agricultural parcels in the control of direct payments to agriculture. The method of using remote sensing to monitor crops and mark them according to the idea of “traffic lights” is introduced. Classification into a given “traffic lights” color gives clear information about the status of the parcel. The image classification was done on Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 datasets by calculating the NDVI and SIGMA time series in the season from autumn 2016 to autumn 2017. Two approaches are presented: semi-automated and automated classifications. Semi-automated classification based on NDVI_index and SIGMA_index. Automated classification was performed on NDVI by Spectral Angle Mapper method and on SIGMA by Artificial Neural Network (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP method). The following overall accuracy was obtained for NDVI_SAM: 70.35%, while for SIGMA_CNN it was: 62.01%. User accuracy (UA) values were adopted for traffic lights analysis, in machine learning: positive predictive value (PPV). The UA/PPV for rapeseed were in NDVI_index method: 88.1% (6,986 plots), NDVI_SAM: 85.0% (199 plots), SIGMA_index: 61.3% (4,165 plots) and in SIGMA_CNN: 88.9% (2,035 plots). In order to present the idea of “traffic lights”, a website was prepared using data from the NDVI_index method, which is a trade-off between the number of plots and UA/PPV accuracy.

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Cartografía del aguacate en el sur del estado de México mediante tratamiento digital de imágenes sentinel-2

Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas ◽

10.29312/remexca.v11i4.2173 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 865-879

Author(s):

Dulce Karen Figueroa-Figueroa ◽

Jose Francisco Ramírez Dávila ◽

Xanat Antonio-Némiga ◽

Andrés González Huerta

Keyword(s):

Persea Americana ◽

Spectral Information ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

Information Divergence ◽

Spectral Angle ◽

Sentinel 2

El cultivo de aguacate (Persea americana Mill.) es uno de los más importantes en México, entre los estados con mayor producción se encuentra el Estado de México, que es el tercer estado productor a nivel nacional. Coatepec Harinas y Donato Guerra son dos de los municipios más representativos en lo respectivo a esta actividad; sin embargo, no existe un censo que especifique la superficie del cultivo, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación fue probar métodos de índices de vegetación, algoritmos spectral angle mapper (SAM) y spectral information divergence (SID) y la combinación de estos en las imágenes del sensor Sentinel-2 para evaluar su desempeño en la identificación de áreas plantadas con el cultivo de aguacate. Los resultados se validaron con una matriz de confusión y la comparación de los datos de referencia de entrenamiento y validación. El algoritmo SID alcanzó una precisión de 97.5% para detectar aguacate, mientras que el tratamiento SAM obtuvo una precisión de 63.1%. La combinación de SID con el índice Anthocyanin Reflectance Index 1 (ARI1), proporcionó un mejor resultado sobre la cartografía de validación regional con 85% de precisión. Otras combinaciones de índices y tratamientos dieron resultados inferiores al 50% de la precisión por lo que no se recomiendan. Esta metodología podría ser probada para la detección de otros cultivos de interés comercial, dado que Sentinel-2 muestra ser una alternativa viable para este tipo de estudios, teniendo una buena resolución espectral, además de ser de fácil acceso y manipulación.

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Rice growth phase analysis in Pidie regency, Indonesia using multitemporal Sentinel-2 image data: a spectral angle mapper approach

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012068 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 951 (1) ◽

pp. 012068

Author(s):

N Lisviananda ◽

S Sugianto ◽

M Rusdi

Keyword(s):

Spectral Analysis ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Growing Season ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

Rice Growth ◽

Spectral Angle ◽

Rice Growing Season ◽

Sentinel 2

Abstract Remote sensing data provides fast and relatively accurate information to retrieve the plant growth phase using spectral analysis. Spectral analysis of plants is the critical point of identifying the stages of rice growth using Sentinel-2 data. Sentinel-2 satellite images were utilized for this study. This study aims to analyze the growth phase of rice in Pidie regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia, as a sample area of the rice-growing site. The Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) approach was performed to describe the plant growth stages. The results show variations in the rice growth phase across the study area for 2019, 2020, and 2021 growing seasons from vegetative, generative, wet fallow, and dry fallow. The most extensive vegetative phase is for April 2021 data, counting for 1,278.16 Ha. The most extensive generative phase was identified of June 2020 data, counting for 1,107.55 Ha. For wet fallow, counting for 949,30 Ha is the largest in this category. A total of 1,311.94 Ha of dry fallow is identified in 2019. The different growth phases and the total area for different years indicate variation in starting for the growing season of the sample location. In this paper, multitemporal Sentinel-2 data analyzed with the SAM approach has demonstrated identifying rice-growing season phases. This finding can help predict the total area along the year for a change of the pattern of the rice-growing season in the last three years of the study area.

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Ischemia Is Related to Tumour Genetics in Uveal Melanoma

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers11071004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1004 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Niels J. Brouwer ◽

Annemijn P. A. Wierenga ◽

Gülçin Gezgin ◽

Marina Marinkovic ◽

Gregorius P. M. Luyten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uveal Melanoma ◽

Messenger Rna ◽

Tumour Size ◽

Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽

The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽

Basal Diameter ◽

Von Hippel Lindau ◽

The Status ◽

Using Data ◽

Tumour Genetics

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1a) and its regulator von Hippel–Lindau protein (VHL) play an important role in tumour ischemia. Currently, drugs that target HIF1a are being developed to treat malignancies. Although HIF1a is known to be expressed in uveal melanoma (UM), it is as yet unknown which factors, such as tumour size or genetics, determine its expression. Therefore, we aimed to determine which tumour characteristics relate to HIF1a expression in UM. Data from 64 patients who were enucleated for UM were analysed. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was determined with the Illumina HT-12 v4 chip. In 54 cases, the status of chromosomes 3 and 8q, and BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) protein expression (immunohistochemistry) were determined. Findings were corroborated using data of 80 patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) study. A significantly increased expression of HIF1a, and a decreased expression of VHL were associated with monosomy 3/loss of BAP1 expression. The relationship between BAP1 loss and HIF1a expression was independent of chromosome 3. The largest basal diameter and tumour thickness showed no relationship with HIF1a. HIF1a expression related to an increased presence of infiltrating T cells and macrophages. From this study, we conclude that HIF1a is strongly related to tumour genetics in UM, especially to loss of BAP1 expression, and less to tumour size. Tumour ischemia is furthermore related to the presence of an inflammatory phenotype.

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Distortion Characterization of Compressed Hyperspectral Imagery through Band Add-On Modified Spectral Angle Mapper Distance Metrics

2006 IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing ◽

10.1109/igarss.2006.903 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

C. Lastri ◽

B. Aiazzi ◽

S. Baronti ◽

L. Alparone

Keyword(s):

Hyperspectral Imagery ◽

Distance Metrics ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

Spectral Angle

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Classification of Iowa wetlands using an airborne hyperspectral image: a comparison of the spectral angle mapper classifier and an object-oriented approach

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing ◽

10.5589/m05-003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

James Harken ◽

Ramanathan Sugumaran

Keyword(s):

Hyperspectral Image ◽

Object Oriented ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

Object Oriented Approach ◽

Oriented Approach ◽

Spectral Angle

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Pentecostalism as an Informal Political Institution: Experimental Evidence from Ghana

Politics and Religion ◽

10.1017/s1755048314000480 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 761-787 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

John F. McCauley

Keyword(s):

Experimental Evidence ◽

Dictator Game ◽

Informal Institutions ◽

Informal Institution ◽

Resource Endowment ◽

The Status ◽

Micro Level ◽

New Form ◽

Using Data ◽

Cultural Leaders

AbstractInformal institutions continue to govern political exchange in Africa, but the traditional, ethnic-based form of “big man rule” is now threatened by an alternative informal institution — charismatic Pentecostalism. This study evaluates the status of Pentecostalism empirically, in a micro-level experiment in Ghana. Using data from a variant of the dictator game, in which participants divide a resource endowment with randomly assigned partners as well as cultural leaders, the study provides evidence of Pentecostal exclusivity, excessive allegiance to leaders, and a shift away from ethnic-based patronage to Pentecostal patronage. As Pentecostalism continues to expand, these findings suggest a modification in the exchange of resources for loyalty in Africa, and grounds for viewing the movement as a new form of big man rule in the region.

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Airborne Hyperspectral Data Acquisition and Processing in the Arctic: A Pilot Study Using the Hyspex Imaging Spectrometer for Wetland Mapping

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13061178 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1178

Author(s):

Jordi Cristóbal ◽

Patrick Graham ◽

Anupma Prakash ◽

Marcel Buchhorn ◽

Rudi Gens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Data Processing ◽

High Latitude ◽

Hyperspectral Images ◽

The Arctic ◽

Wetland Mapping ◽

Kappa Index ◽

Spectral Angle Mapper ◽

Spectral Angle

A pilot study for mapping the Arctic wetlands was conducted in the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge), Alaska. It included commissioning the HySpex VNIR-1800 and the HySpex SWIR-384 imaging spectrometers in a single-engine Found Bush Hawk aircraft, planning the flight times, direction, and speed to minimize the strong bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects present at high latitudes and establishing improved data processing workflows for the high-latitude environments. Hyperspectral images were acquired on two clear-sky days in early September, 2018, over three pilot study areas that together represented a wide variety of vegetation and wetland environments. Steps to further minimize BRDF effects and achieve a higher geometric accuracy were added to adapt and improve the Hyspex data processing workflow, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), for high-latitude environments. One-meter spatial resolution hyperspectral images, that included a subset of only 120 selected spectral bands, were used for wetland mapping. A six-category legend was established based on previous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) information and maps, and three different classification methods—hybrid classification, spectral angle mapper, and maximum likelihood—were used at two selected sites. The best classification performance occurred when using the maximum likelihood classifier with an averaged Kappa index of 0.95; followed by the spectral angle mapper (SAM) classifier with a Kappa index of 0.62; and, lastly, by the hybrid classifier showing lower performance with a Kappa index of 0.51. Recommendations for improvements of future work include the concurrent acquisition of LiDAR or RGB photo-derived digital surface models as well as detailed spectra collection for Alaska wetland cover to improve classification efforts.

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Metropolitan governance structure and growth–inequality dynamics in the United States

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1177/0308518x18810002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 598-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jaewoo Cho ◽

Jae Hong Kim ◽

Yonsu Kim

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Metropolitan Areas ◽

Governance Structure ◽

The United States ◽

Governance Structures ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Metropolitan Governance ◽

Trade Off ◽

Using Data ◽

Nonlinear Fashion

While much scholarly attention has been paid to ways in which metropolitan areas are politically structured and operated to achieve a dual goal, economic growth, and equality, relatively less is known about the complex relationship between metropolitan governance structures and growth–inequality dynamics. This study investigates how and to what extent metropolitan governance structures shape regional economic growth and inequality trajectories using data for 267 US metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2010. Findings from a two-stage least squares regression analysis suggest that economic growth is associated with governance structures in a nonlinear fashion, with relatively more rapid growth rates in both highly centralized and decentralized metropolitan areas. However, these regions are also found to experience a larger increase in income inequality, indicating an important trade-off to be considered carefully in exploring ways to reform existing governance settings. These findings further suggest that the so-called growth–inequality trade-off may exist not only in their direct interactions but through their connections via governance or other variables.

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