Guidelines for the prevention of HIV transmission in the podiatric medical practice

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 428-433
Author(s):  
R Cope
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Infection Control Program ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Practice Implementation ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the US has increased over the past decade. This increase has effected concern regarding the risks of HIV infection within the podiatric medical practice. Implementation of an effective infection control program for blood-borne pathogens within the podiatric medical practice can minimize such risks.

PREVENTION OF HIV TRANSMISSION IN THE WORKPLACE: CATEGORIZATION OF JOBS AND TASKS BY RISK OF HIV INFECTION

AIHAJ ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. A-14-A-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Crutcher ◽  
Steven H. Lamm ◽  
Thomas A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Hariri ◽  
Matthew T. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Fundamental Shift

SUMMARY The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic emerged in the early 1980s with HIV infection as a highly lethal disease among men who have sex with men and among frequent recipients of blood product transfusions. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection have resulted in a fundamental shift in its epidemiology, to a potentially chronic and manageable condition. However, challenges in the prevention of this infection remain. In particular, increasing evidence suggests that transmission of drug-resistant virus is becoming more common and that the epidemic is having a profound impact on morbidity and mortality in ethnic and racial minority subgroups in the United States. New population-based data collection systems designed to describe trends in behaviors associated with HIV transmission and better methods for measuring the true incidence of transmission will better elucidate the characteristics of HIV infection in the United States and inform future public health policies.

Training of Personnel for Infection Control

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Crow
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Infection Control Program ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Infection Control Practitioner ◽  
The Us ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
Ultimate Responsibility ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe overall objectives for implementing an infection control program are to make hospital personnel aware of nosocomial infections and to educate these persons in their role in decreasing the risk of these infections. The infection control practitioner (ICP) implements these objectives by performing surveillance to determine problem areas and by developing policies and procedures that prevent and control nosocomial infections. Appropriate qualities for an ICP include initiative, leadership, communication skills, commitment, and charisma. Expertise in patient care practices, aseptic principles, sterilization practices, education, research, epidemiology, microbiology, infectious diseases, and psychology are acquired skills.Local, state, and national organizations, as well as universities, are responsible for ICP training. In the US the Centers for Disease Control have established a training program for the beginning ICP and the Association of Practitioners in Infection Control (APIC) has developed a study guide for developing infection control skills. The ultimate responsibility for education is an individual obligation, however. Certification of the ICP would insure a minimum level of knowledge, thereby standardizing and upgrading the practice of infection control.

scholarly journals A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. BERGGREN PALME ◽  
B. GUDETTA ◽  
H. DEGEFU ◽  
L. MUHE ◽  
J. BRUCHFELD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crude Odds Ratio ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

To quantify the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children with tuberculosis (TB) a hospital-based, 1-year prospective, case-control study was performed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Children with TB were compared to a control group of children admitted for elective surgery. The control group was also compared to a recent census of the background population. The crude odds ratio for HIV infection was 8·6 (95% CI 2·2–73). After adjustment for possible confounders in a multivariate regression model, the odds ratio for HIV infection in children with TB was found to be 12·7 (95% CI 2·9–55). Of several independent determinants of TB assessed in the study, this association was the strongest. Until HIV transmission has reached its peak, an increasing burden of dual infection among Ethiopian children is to be expected.

scholarly journals Outcomes of prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Dina Muktiarti ◽  
Nia Kurniati ◽  
Arwin Akib ◽  
Zakiudin Munasir
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Pmtct Program ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionis increasing worldwide. One foute of HIV transmission is frommother to child, during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding.Prevention of mother􀁂to􀁂child transmission may be an effectivestrategy to reduce the cases of new HIV infections.Objectives To investigate the incidence of HIV infection ininfants born to mothers with HIV and who received prophylactictherapy at birth, as well as to note the outcomes of HIVinfectedchildren in this program.Methods This retrospective study was carried out over a 9􀁂yearperiod, from January 20 03 to December 2011. The participantswere HIVexposed infants who attended the HIV clinic, at theDepartment of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital,Jakarta. Infants were treated according to the prevention ofmother􀁂to􀁂child transmission (PMTCT) protocol at CMH.Parents' and infants' data was recorded. The end point of thisstudy was recording of HIVinfection status in the infants.Results There were 238 infants included in this study. HIVinfection was confirmed in 6 (2.5%) infants, while 170 (71.4%)subjects were uninfected, and 62 (26.1%) subjects were lostto follow􀁂up. No subjects who underwent complete PMTCTmanagement were infected. Most subjects were male, full􀁂tenn,and delivered by caesarean section in our hospital. The mostfrequently observed parental risk factor was intravenous druguse. Maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART) was given duringpregnancy in most cases. Morbidities in all subjects were low.Conclusion The PMTCT program at CMH was effective forreducing the number ofHIVinfected infants from mothers withHIY. [Paediatrlndanes. 2012;52:294-9]. 

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides from Amphibian Skin Potently Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Transfer of Virus from Dendritic Cells to T Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (18) ◽  
pp. 11598-11606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott E. VanCompernolle ◽  
R. Jeffery Taylor ◽  
Kyra Oswald-Richter ◽  
Jiyang Jiang ◽  
Bryan E. Youree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Amphibian Skin ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Topical antimicrobicides hold great promise in reducing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Amphibian skin provides a rich source of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides including some that have antiviral activity. We tested 14 peptides derived from diverse amphibian species for the capacity to inhibit HIV infection. Three peptides (caerin 1.1, caerin 1.9, and maculatin 1.1) completely inhibited HIV infection of T cells within minutes of exposure to virus at concentrations that were not toxic to target cells. These peptides also suppressed infection by murine leukemia virus but not by reovirus, a structurally unrelated nonenveloped virus. Preincubation with peptides prevented viral fusion to target cells and disrupted the HIV envelope. Remarkably, these amphibian peptides also were highly effective in inhibiting the transfer of HIV by dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells, even when DCs were transiently exposed to peptides 8 h after virus capture. These data suggest that amphibian-derived peptides can access DC-sequestered HIV and destroy the virus before it can be transferred to T cells. Thus, amphibian-derived antimicrobial peptides show promise as topical inhibitors of mucosal HIV transmission and provide novel tools to understand the complex biology of HIV capture by DCs.

Oral Mucosal Immunity and HIV/SIV Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.X. Lü ◽  
R.S. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Rare Event ◽  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Palatine Tonsils ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through genital and rectal mucosa has led to intensive study of mucosal immune responses to HIV and to the development of a vaccine administered locally. However, HIV transmission through the oral mucosa is a rare event. The oral mucosa represents a physical barrier and contains immunological elements to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms. This particular defense differs between micro-compartments represented by the salivary glands, oral mucosa, and palatine tonsils. Secretory immunity of the salivary glands, unique features of cellular structure in the oral mucosa and palatine tonsils, the high rate of oral blood flow, and innate factors in saliva may all contribute to the resistance to HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) oral mucosal infection. In the early stage of HIV infection, humoral and cellular immunity and innate immune functions in oral mucosa are maintained. However, these particular immune responses may all be impaired as a result of chronic HIV infection. A better understanding of oral mucosal immune mechanisms should lead to improved prevention of viral and bacterial infections, particularly in immunocompromised persons with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to the development of a novel strategy for a mucosal AIDS vaccine, as well as vaccines to combat other oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Women, contraception and HIV

1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (25) ◽  
pp. 97-98
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Barrier Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Transmission To Women

Sexual intercourse brings with it the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), which might include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Many women involved in penetrative sex will use some form of contraception and while barrier methods offer some protection against HIV infection, other methods might increase the risk. This article looks at how different methods of contraception affect the risk of HIV transmission to women.

Estimating Infant Mortality From Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Causes in Breast-Feeding and Bottle-Feeding Populations

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-296
Author(s):  
Sally Ann Lederman
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

This paper discusses the literature dealing with breast-feeding in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This review is used to develop a background for a quantitative assessment of factors determining whether breast-feeding or bottle-feeding will result in a lower overall mortality in areas of different HIV prevalence. An algebraic formula is presented that enables calculation of the mortality that would result in any population if the following variables are known or capable of estimation: portion of child-bearing women infected with HIV, portion of newborns infected with HIV at birth, relative mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants that are not HIV infected, and transmissibility of HIV during breast-feeding. The information available for estimating these variables is incomplete. Nevertheless, boundaries can be set for each variable, based on information obtained locally or from the literature, to aid in objective evaluation of the risks of promoting bottle-feeding or breast-feeding in populations with different risk characteristics. Consideration of these factors indicates that the benefits of breast-feeding over bottle-feeding can substantially outweigh any putative risk of HIV transmission during breast-feeding unless the prevalence of HIV infection is quite high or the difference in mortality of breast-fed and bottle-fed infants is very low.

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